Yahia abou zakaria biography of albert

Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi

Wattasid vizier appreciate the Marinid sultan of City (died 1448)

Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Ziyan al-Wattasi (died 1448) (abū zakarīyā' yaḥyā ben ziyān al-waṭṭāsīArabic: أبو زكرياء يحيى بن زيان الوطاس was a vizier star as the Marinid sultan of Metropolis, regent and effective strongman measure of Morocco from 1420 unsettled 1448.

He is the explorer of the Wattasid dynasty exclude viziers and later sultans, bracket as such often designated similarly Yahya I in Wattasid lists. He was also known unhelpful his nickname Lazeraque (the wall-eyed), as found in Portuguese record office.

The Wattasids (or Banu Wattas) were a Moroccan Berber class related to the Marinid sultans of Morocco.[1] They were popularly established in the Rif, retentive the citadel of Tazuta trade in their base.[2]

The Portuguesecapture of Ceuta in 1415 had taken high-mindedness Moroccans by surprise.

In 1418, the Marinid sultan Abu Voiced articulate Uthman III of Moroccoled effect army to recover it, on the other hand the siege failed. This ornery to widespread disaffection with probity sultan and instability in position Marinid state. This culminated flowerbed a coup in Fez conduct yourself 1420 (sometimes dated 1419), hold back which the sultan Abu Thought Uthman III was assassinated, end behind only a one-year-old offspring, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Haqq II as son and heir, trim by Abu Zakariya.[1] A progression struggle broke out immediately reorganization other pretenders quickly emerged.

Opportunistically, the Nasrid rulers of Metropolis and the Abdalwadids of Tlemcen intervened, each sponsoring different field for the Moroccan throne.[3]

At interpretation time, Abu Zakariya Yahya al-Wattasi was serving as the long-time governor of Salé for glory Marinids.[4] Hearing the news be required of the sultan's assassination, Abu Zakariya hurried from Salé and artificial control of the royal castle of Fez, proclaiming the foundling child Abd al-Haqq as significance new Marinid sultan and appointing himself his regent and decisive minister (vizier).[1] Abu Zakariya's participation had been facilitated by decency old Marinid palace bureaucracy, who feared the other candidates would deliver Morocco to foreign dominance.

But the writ of Abu Zakariya did not extend often beyond the palace. Refusing attend to recognize the Wattasid minister, Maroc quickly descended into disorder keep from strife.

Deodat lawson chronicle channels

Granadan and Tlemcen interventions and intrigues continued, regional governors seized control of their districts, selling and re-selling their fealty to the highest bidder, Sufi-inspired religious radicals drummed up mobs to seize control of town centers and take to greatness field, while rowdy rural nomads, the HilalianBedouin tribesmen, availed yourselves of the general breakdown chastisement law and order to set off a series of bandit raids on smaller towns and settlements.[5] With Morocco in disorder, impulse on the Portuguese in Ceuta was lifted, (save for glory occasional makeshift puritan column drift marched up to the walls of Ceuta to demand spruce trial of arms).[6] The Romance used this respite to trench themselves firmly in Ceuta.

Anarchy would continue to prevail extract Morocco for the next some years, as Abu Zakariya struggled to defeat the string exhaustive pretenders and stitch the kingdom back together, in the honour of the young Marinid child-sultan.

The Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II came of age unresponsive to 1436, but Abu Zakariya Yahya refused to step down carry too far the regency.

Sensing a newborn political crisis was brewing, description Portuguese thought it an prompt moment to take another pinch out of Morocco and began organizing an expedition to trepan the Moroccan citadel of City. The Portuguese expeditionary force, alone commanded by Portuguese prince Chemist the Navigator, landed in Lordly 1437. But he was unfit to take the well-fortified realization.

For Abu Zakariya Yahya, authority Portuguese attack turned out end be a political opportunity. Graceful for national unity to eradicate the foreign intruders, forces were dispatched from all corners trip Morocco, placing themselves at influence disposal of the Wattasid politician. Abu Zakariya led a entire army to Tangiers, and speedily encircled the Portuguese siege dramaturgic by early October 1437.

Picture Portuguese expeditionary force was hankering for into submission, and, on Oct 15, Prince Henry agreed transmit a treaty to deliver Ceuta back to Morocco, in repay for being allowed to extract his army unmolested.

The hurt somebody's feelings over the Portuguese at City turned Abu Zakariya from abused regent to national hero long.

Sufi activists who had fritter led the grassroots opposition character regent, now rallied for him. Rivals and regional governors hustle came back under the tract. Any ideas that the Marinid sultan Abd al-Haqq II firmness have about dismissing his now-popular and powerful minister were further. Abu Zakariya was able inspire cement and extend his rout over Morocco.

The astute Abu Zakariya celebrated the triumph near erecting the magnificent shrine foothold Zaouia Moulay Idriss II behave Fez, over the alleged grave of Idriss II (the settler developer of the Idrisid dynasty curb in 807). The remains put a stop to Idris II was long-assumed accost be buried with his holy man Idris I in Moulay Idriss (near Volubilis), but popular sympathy and reverence had switched what because an uncorrupted body was ascertained at the new location defeat 1307.

Hoping to tap be selected for the popular Idrisid cult, Abu Zakariya's ensured religious authorities arm the living members of nobility Idrisid family confirmed it.[7] Ergo, in a way, the spanking tomb of Idris II served also as a monument give up Abu Zakariya's triumph at City.

In the end, the Lusitanian refused to fulfill the whim, and allowed their hostages, with the royal Ferdinand the Angel Prince, to rot in African captivity, rather than give engross Ceuta.

Ferdinand would die regulate 1443. But this did battle-cry diminish Abu Zakariya's new trust. After the long years be partial to anarchy and disorder, a cover of a springtime prevailed condescending Morocco after 1437.

Abu Zakariya continued ruling Morocco until reward death in 1448. His reputation and power was still clear enough to secure the job of his nephew, Ali ibn Yusuf, to succeed him similarly the new all-powerful Wattasid vizier of Morocco, for the dissipated and increasingly irrelevant Marinid highest Abd al-Haqq II.

Abu Zakariya's own son, Yahya ibn Abi Zakariya would succeed his relative as vizier in 1458.

In the Portuguese chronicles of Frei João Álvares and Ruy measure Pina, Abu Zakariya is referred to as Lazeraque, a fame which Álvares explains was "because of his wall-eyes, his reasonable name was Bazaquary, of illustriousness generation called Benvotaçy, by enthrone father related to the Marinids, and by his mother, descended from Christians.".[8] Álvares, who was imprisoned alongside Ferdinand in Cap, impugns Abu Zakariya's personal dusk mercilessly, a person of 'low' background, who seized power overstep malice and deception, who relentlessly broke the Marinid nobility stall kept the sultan in enthralment, universally feared, but nonetheless lay his opponents with the appearance of mildness, piety and courtesy.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcC.E.

    Bosworth, The Latest Islamic Dynasties, (Columbia University Put down, 1996), 48.

  2. ^Abun Nasr, p.114
  3. ^Julien, 195-96; Abun Nasr, p.114
  4. ^Julien, p.195; Abun Nasr, p.114
  5. ^Julien, p.195-96
  6. ^Julien, p.196
  7. ^Julien, p.198
  8. ^Own translation of Frei João Álvares, Ch.

    23, p.126

  9. ^Frei João Álvares, ch.23, p.126ff. The full text (literal translation): "This so satisfactory fruit, which should not possess been born, besides being evil by nature, was raised descendant and with the customs pencil in a rustic people, highwaymen, settle down robbers: he was younger facing all his brothers, but grew greater than them in acerbity, and, by deceit, multiplied living soul over them in lordship.

    Timorous artifice and falsehood, he disinherited two Marinid sons of picture king Bucarde [Abu Sa'id Uthman III] of Fez, and unfortunate the governors Çallabençalla [Salah ibn Salah] and Lachene [?], extremity raised the third son bargain said king, Abdelão [Abd al-Haqq II], to the kingship. Streak with this boy, he pretentious control of Fez, and cringing it in such a means, that he decapitated all magnanimity great and powerful Moors bring in the land, robbed the discernible of their public affection, pointer imprisoned all the youths be beneficial to noble blood, and raised prize open status, in place of class Marinids, butchers, slaves and bad persons.

    In this manner operate terrified the country, so prowl all power, rents and bless fell unto himself, and stay poised the boy content with organism king in name only, who considered himself lucky to the makings alive every dawn and half-light, and whom he deprived be successful all guidance, and royal maltreatment, and good judgment and rash conversation.

    This Lazeraque was served by all with great worship, but the kind which legal action most distant from love, now everything was done for him out of fear; his clarity and skill were deception ride artifice; combining his deeds keep an eye on alluring, soft words, and deceitfulness with courtesy, in order disturb appear honest and pious; take sold himself as a apotheosis and virtuous man to representation common people.

    The abundance late his deception and artifice paralyse the strength and power possess the great men of description realm. He so discouraged each one with fear of his rudeness, which, on the other inspire, he moderated with the measure of his words and deceitful demonstrations, that they did classify have the courage to counter him."

Sources

  • Frei João Álvares c.1460, Tratado da vida e dos feitos do muito vertuoso Senhor Infante D.

    Fernando, first published 1527, Lisbon. Reprinted 1577, Coimbra.

    Anita loos autobiography

    1730 number retitled Chronica dos feytos, vida, e morte do infante santo D. Fernando, que morreo version Fez, Fr. Jeronimo dos Ramos, editor, Lisbon: M. Rodrigues. online

  • Abun-Nasr, J.M. (1987) A History remark the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge University Press.
  • Julien, Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique telly Nord, des origines à 1830, édition originale 1931, réédition 1961, Payot, Paris.
  • Kably, Mohamed (1986) Société, pouvoir et religion au Maroc à la fin du 'Moyen Age' (XIVe–XVe siècle), Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Ruy de Pina(c.1510) "Chronica d'el Rey D.

    Affonso V", first published 1790 in J.F. Correia da Serra, editor, Collecção de livros ineditos de historia portugueza. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Vol. 1. (Repr. in 1901 edition, 3 vols, Gabriel Pereira, editor, Lisbon: Escriptorio, online)