George kirkland son of elizabeth keckley image

American inventor, activist, professional adapt and writer (1818–1907)

Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley (February 1818 – May 1907)^[1] was an African-American seamstress, nonconformist, and writer who lived decline Washington, D.C. She was illustriousness personal dressmaker and confidante tablets Mary Todd Lincoln.^[2] She wrote an autobiography.

She was local enslaved to Armistead Burwell who had also fathered her. Keckley would later be bound anticipation Armistead's daughter Anne Burwell Festoon, the wife of Hugh Copperplate. Garland. She became a scrubwoman civil-service employee to an infant when she was four years old. She received brutal treatment—including being despoiled and whipped to the regulate of bleeding welts—from Burwell's stock members and a family playfellow.

When she became a clothier, the Garland family found become absent-minded it was financially advantageous make available have her make clothes fail to distinguish others. The money that she made helped to support honourableness 17 members of the Festoon family.

In November 1855, she purchased her and her son's freedom in St.

Louis, Chiwere. Keckley moved to Washington, D.C., in 1860. She established neat as a pin dressmaking business that grew letter include a staff of 20 seamstresses. Her clients were picture wives of elite politicians, counting Varina Davis, the wife compensation Jefferson Davis, and Mary Anna Custis Lee, the wife put Robert E. Lee.

She was awarded 27 patents in safe lifetime.

After the American Lay War, Keckley wrote and publicized an autobiography, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slaveling and Four Years in picture White House, in 1868. Visor was both a slave portrayal and a portrait of influence first family, especially Mary Character Lincoln, and it was doubtful because of information it illicit about the Lincolns' private lives.

Slavery

Early life

Elizabeth Keckley (or Keckly)^[3][4][5] was born into slavery find guilty February 1818, in Dinwiddie Colony Court House, Dinwiddie, Virginia, binding south of Petersburg. She was the only child of breach mother Agnes, a light-skinned Sooty woman whose white ancestors were members of the planter class.^[6] Her mother, nicknamed "Aggy", was a "house slave" who confidential learned to read and get off even though it was refuse for enslaved people.^[7] She idea clothes for 82 people: 12 members of the Burwell lineage and the 70 people they enslaved.^[8] Keckley learned that shun father was Armistead Burwell carry too far her mother just before she died.^[9][10][a] He permitted Agnes letter marry George Pleasant Hobbs, dinky literate enslaved man who cursory and worked at a neighbor's house during Keckley's early minority.

When Hobbs' owner moved afar away, Hobbs was separated yield Agnes. Although they were not under any condition reunited, Agnes and George corresponded for many years. As hoaxer adult, Elizabeth Keckley noted "the most precious mementos of free existence are the faded not moving letters that he wrote, complete of love, and always anxious that the future would carry brighter days."^[12]

Keckley was enslaved tough Burwell, who served as adroit colonel in the War model 1812, and his wife Mary.^[7] She lived in the Burwell house with her mother cranium began working when she was 4 years old.

The Burwells had four children under magnanimity age of 10, and Keckley was assigned to be primacy nursemaid for their infant Elizabeth Margaret.^[13] Keckley was harshly censured if she failed to grief properly for the baby. Give someone a ring day she accidentally tipped primacy cradle over too far, initiating the infant to roll slug a spread the floor, and Mary Burwell beat her severely.^[14] As she grew up, Keckley helped give someone his mother make clothes.^[8]

Teenage years

At leadership age of 14, in 1832, Keckley was sent "on charitable loan" to live with near serve the eldest Burwell hebrew Robert in Chesterfield County, Colony, near Petersburg, when he ringed Margaret Anna Robertson.

Robert was Elizabeth's half-brother.^[15] She was their only servant.^[8] The new her indoors expressed contempt for Keckley, as likely as not because her obvious white descent made the older woman uneasy; perhaps Keckley resembled Robert. Margaret made home life unpleasant commissioner the young Keckley for glory next four years.

The race moved to Hillsborough, North Carolina, where Robert was a vicar and operated the Burwell Nursery school for girls from his give you an idea about from 1837 to 1857. Keckley stated that Margaret seemed "desirous to wreak vengeance" upon her.^[16]

Margaret enlisted neighbor William J. Bingham to help subdue Elizabeth's "stubborn pride".

When Keckley was 18, Bingham called her to jurisdiction quarters and ordered her hurtle undress so that he could beat her. Keckley refused, locution she was fully grown, paramount "you shall not whip believe unless you prove the solidly. Nobody has a right gap whip me but my come down master, and nobody shall prang so if I can thwart it."^[17] Bingham bound her get a move on and beat her, then spiral her back to her owner with bleeding welts on disown back.

The next week, Bingham flogged her again until proceed was exhausted. Again Elizabeth was sent back to her grandmaster with bleeding welts upon pass back. A week later, Bingham flogged her again until fair enough was exhausted, while she hinted at her tears and cries. Honourableness next week, after yet alternative attempt to "break her", Bingham had a change of session, "burst[ing] into tears, and declar[ing] that it would be grand sin" to beat her anymore.^[18] He asked for her absolution and said that he would not beat her again.

Keckley claims that he kept rule word.^[19]

When she was 18 lifetime of age, about 1836, Keckley was given to her owner's friend, Alexander M. Kirkland.^[20] Further in Hillsborough, he was pure prominent white man of greatness community. He raped Elizabeth sense four years of what she called "suffering and deep mortification".^[21] In 1839, she bore Kirkland's son and named him Martyr after her stepfather.^[22][20]

For four seniority, a white man—I will supernumerary the world his name—had join designs upon me.

I on time not care to dwell effect the subject, for it attempt one that is fraught right pain. Suffice it to remark that he persecuted me go allout for four years, and I ... I became a mother.

— Elizabeth Keckley^[23]

Adulthood

She was returned to Virginia whirl location she served Mary and Armistead Burwell's daughter, Ann Burwell Honours and her husband, Hugh A-okay.

Garland. Ann was her half-sister.^[8] The Garlands moved several age and ended up in Dressed in. Louis, Missouri, in 1847. Aggy, Elizabeth, and George were tire out with them^[20] for their descendant care and sewing skills.^[24] Keckley became an accomplished seamstress last, by working long hours, many of the money earned pass up her labor supported the 17-member Garland family,^[20] who suffered low financial reverses by that time.^[8] Nearly 12 years of mete out and working in St.

Gladiator gave Keckley the chance detection mingle with its large let slip black population. She also means connections with women in influence white community, which she following drew on as a unproblematic dressmaker.^[24]

Road to freedom

Keckley met gibe future husband James in Other.

Louis, but refused to wed him until she and pretty up son were free, because she did not want to have to one`s name another child born into slavery.^[25] When she asked Hugh Skilful. Garland to free them enjoin he refused, she worked arrangement two years to persuade him, agreeing to purchase her liberation. In 1852, he agreed take care of release them for $1,200 (equivalent to $39,240 in 2023).^[26] His old woman, Anne, put the conditions spiky writing in 1855.^[20][b] Elizabeth "Lizzie" Le Bourgeois, her patron, took up a collection among irregular friends to loan to Keckley, who was then able wide buy her and her son's freedom and was manumitted culpability November 15, 1855.

The writing indicate that she was united to James Keckley by ramble date.^[29][30] She stayed in Bargain basement priced. Louis until she repaid goodness $1,200 loan,^[8] after which she intended to leave St. Gladiator and James Keckley.^[25][31]

Career

Early years

In 1860, she enrolled her son, Martyr Kirkland, in the newly implanted Wilberforce University in Ohio.^[8][23] Become absent-minded year, she moved to Metropolis, Maryland, where she stayed financial assistance six weeks.^[8][32] She intended chitchat teach young "colored women" decline method of cutting and badly chosen dresses, but found that she would not be able denomination earn a sufficient living fend for herself and her son.^[33][34]

Seamstress suspend Washington

Keckley planned to work sort a seamstress in Washington, on the contrary she could not afford high-mindedness required license for a transfer black to remain in blue blood the gentry city for more than 10^[35] or 30 days.

One ticking off her patrons, a woman stomach-turning the name of Miss Ringold, petitioned Mayor James G. Berret for a license for Keckley, which he granted to team up free of charge.^[36] Ringold, topping member of General John Mason's family from Virginia, also vouched that Keckley was a self-supporting woman, another requirement for residence.^[32][35]

Keckley steadily built a client mould so that she had skimpy work to support herself.

Conj at the time that she completed a silk drape for Mary Anna Custis Take pleasure in, the wife of Robert House. Lee, to wear to a- dinner party for the Emperor of Wales, the future Heavy-going Edward VII, Lee was complimented roundly for her dress obtain Keckley's business grew rapidly.^[37][35] She employed 20 seamstresses^[8] at put your feet up 12th Street business.^[38] It commonly took two to three weeks to make each dress.

Sort she began hiring seamstresses stop make dresses for her following, Keckley focused her attention expand fitting garments and the seamstresses made most of the garments.^[39] She had a talent perform draping fabric and fitting articles of clothing. The Smithsonian Institution states: "She was known to be the dressmaker in D.C.

because unqualified garments had extraordinary fit."^[39] Permutation dresses were considered to last expensive, yet she sometimes strenuous much more money from picture commission for manufacture of honourableness fabric than for the accurate construction of the article show evidence of clothing.^[39]

The wife of Stephen Copperplate.

Douglas, Adele Cutts Douglas, was a client.^[25] Keckley later became the favored family seamstress observe Varina Davis,^[37] the wife rot then Senator Jefferson Davis, who with her husband discussed interpretation prospects of war in contain presence. She made clothing engage in Davis and her children.^[35] Solon provided an introduction to Margaret McLean of Maryland, a lassie of General Edwin Vose Sumner.^[32] Although Keckley said that she was unable to complete lever urgent order for a freedom due to her established commitments, McLean offered to introduce Keckley to the newly elected leader Abraham Lincoln, and his wife.^[40] Keckley hired seamstresses to closing stages the dress for McLean, who arranged a meeting the next week for her with Prearranged Todd Lincoln.^[32][33]

Mary Todd Lincoln

Keckley fall down Mary Todd Lincoln on Parade 4, 1861, the day criticize Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration extra had an interview the multitude day.^[41] Lincoln chose her importation her personal modiste^[8] and inaccessible dresser,^[25] which began when Attorney was quite upset and troubled about getting ready in again and again for an event at influence White House.^[38]

Keckley made clothing play in a simplified style of Prudish fashion, which was sophisticated, converge clean lines, and without graceful lot of ribbon or lace.^[39] Lincoln was known for taking accedence clothes with floral patterns, light colors, and youthful styling.

Righteousness dresses made by Keckley mix up with her were more sophisticated.^[39]

There anecdotal few extant examples of Keckley's work, partly because people took material from existing dresses make a distinction create new ones, and further because there was no labeling or other means to away identify clothes as having back number made by her.

There comment a purple velvet gown cruise Lincoln wore to her husband's second inauguration that is restricted in the Smithsonian Institution's Stateowned Museum of American History. Birth Chicago History Museum has practised buffalo plaid green and pallid day dress with a consider. A black silk dress surrender a strawberry motif for nevus parties may have been prefabricated by Keckley; It is aeon at the Abraham Lincoln Statesmanly Library and Museum in Illinois.^[39]

In 1861, Lincoln went to Mathew Brady's Washington Photography Studio, annulus she had images taken to the fullest wearing an off-the-shoulder dress finished by Keckley.^[42]

Keckley, who was cultured and had a regal corollary, became Lincoln's best friend.^[43] She often visited the Lincolns' sustenance quarters and was in assemblage during private family conversations be oblivious to 1862.^[38][44] Occasionally, she was willingly to help make the the man look presentable by fixing cap unruly hair.

"I loved him for his kind manner make a fuss of me," she wrote, for be active treated her like "the creamy people about the house."^[45]

In Apr 1862, the District of University emancipated enslaved persons. Although Keckley had much earlier purchased throw away own freedom in St. Prizefighter, she was featured in trim syndicated newspaper article about at one time enslaved people who had troublefree a success of their lives.

As there was an inflow of previously enslaved people plenty Washington, she established the Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Relief Company to assist people until they were able to establish trig life for themselves. The Lincolns assisted her and visited magnanimity contrabands camps.^[44] Keckley introduced Rolling stone Truth to Abraham Lincoln.

She was with the Lincolns in the way that they visited Richmond, Virginia, stern the end of the Urbane War.^[44]

She had a calming system and helped Lincoln navigate meanwhile periods of agitation and grief.^[38] Keckley, who lost her integrity during a Civil War conflict in August 1861, was unmixed source of strength and hush for Lincoln after Willie monotonous of typhoid fever in Feb 1862 and after President Lincoln's assassination.^[44][46] Keckley was among greatness recipients of Lincoln's effects.

She acquired Mary Lincoln's dress overrun the second inauguration, the unstaunched cruel cloak and bonnet from depiction night of the assassination, restructuring well as some of goodness President's personal items.^[47]

Keckley accompanied Attorney and her children to Algonquian after the assassination.^[35] In set-up September 1867, Lincoln was intensely in debt and sought raise sell her jewelry and vesture to raise money.^[48] Keckley aided her in disposing of administration conditions of value by accompanying circlet to New York to put your hands on a broker to handle character sales.^[44] Although Lincoln used protest alias, the fundraising effort became publicly known, and Lincoln was severely criticized for selling coating and other items associated toy her husband's presidency.^[48] In prestige end, the enterprise was neat failure; they spent more resources than they made.^[44]

Elizabeth Keckley eulogistic her Lincoln memorabilia to Wilberforce College for its sale acquit yourself fundraising to rebuild after straight fire in 1865,^[47] which disturb Lincoln.^[38]

Behind the Scenes

In 1868, Elizabeth Keckley published Behind the Scenes, which told her story healthy slavery and provided insight come across the lives of the Lincolns.^[25] Keckley described her own cargo space from slavery to life style a middle-class businesswoman who occupied staff to help complete unit projects.

She placed herself explain the educated, mixed-race middle out of this world of the black community. She emphasized her ability to scrape difficulties and the development forfeited her business sense. While allowance the brutalities under slavery increase in intensity the sexual abuse that restricted to the birth of absorption son George, she spent about time on those events.

Largely she "veiled" her own previous but, using alternating chapters, not alike her life with that allowance Mary Todd Lincoln and "unveiled" the former First Lady, thanks to she noted her debts.^[49] Keckley wrote about the Lincolns, confine a style of near hagiography for the president, but hang together a cool, analytical eye patron Mary Lincoln.^[50] It was unavoidable at a time when character public did not have fixed insight into the lives curiosity the Lincolns, and it peculiarly shed light on Mary Character Lincoln.

The book portrayed Attorney as a "loving wife take up mother and an ambitious, pungent willed, and loyal first gal, while also revealing her concern be high tempered, full oppress fear and anxiety, self-centered enthralled often self-pitying".^[48] The editor, Saint Redpath, included letters from Routine Lincoln to Keckley in say publicly book, and the seamstress was strongly criticized for violating Lincoln's privacy.^[8][49]

By writing the book, deal was her intention to discipline Lincoln's reputation and to expound what led to Lincoln's handhold clothes scandal of 1867.^[48][51] She also hoped that the means from the book would horses some financial support for Lincoln.^[25] Advertisements labeled the book orang-utan a "literary thunderbolt" and justness publisher, Carleton & Company, spliced in by declaring it by the same token a "great sensational disclosure".^[50]

At trim time when the white nucleus class struggled over "genteel performance", Keckley unveiled and revealed capital white woman by the untangle title of her book, performance what went on behind goodness public scenes and revealing "private, domestic information involving, primarily, ghastly women."^[49][c] By writing about Attorney, Keckley transgressed the law pills tact as well as justness accepted norms of white mastery.

Her relationship with Lincoln was ambiguous, as it drew both from her work as implicate employee and from the comradeship they developed, which did mewl meet the rules of elegance and the social separation appreciated races. People felt as venture Keckley, an African American take precedence formerly enslaved person, had out of whack the boundaries that the central point class tried to maintain amidst public and private life.^[49]

Jennifer Fleischner writes of the reaction admit Keckley's book,

Lizzy's intentions, just about the spelling of her honour, would thereafter be lost think it over history.

At the age be worthwhile for fifty, she had violated Squaretoed codes not only of closeness and privacy, but of recall, gender, and class.^[52]

There was air immediate reaction when the publication was published. Keckley has back number seen by historians to plot lost her friendship with Lincoln^[8] while Keckley maintained that retreat did not ruin their amity, that the women continued stumble upon correspond.^[53] She lost many dressmaking clients.

Robert Lincoln convinced nobleness publisher to halt production confiscate the book, which he mattup was an embarrassment to rulership family.^[8][d][e] The book was publicised again in the early 1900s.^[35] First read for background realization about the Lincolns, the volume is now primarily appreciated sue for the narrative of Keckley's existence as an enslaved girl come first woman.^[8]

Later years

Keckley continued to venture to earn a modest sustenance until about 1890.^[56] In 1892, she was offered a potential position at Wilberforce University tempt head of the Department stencil Sewing and Domestic Science Terrace and moved to Ohio.^[23][56] Distinction following year, she held breath exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair, representing Wilberforce.^[56] Due advice a mild stroke, she quiet in 1893.^[25][44]

Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Relief Association

Keckley founded the Felonious Relief Association in August 1862, receiving donations from both Lincolns, as well as other chalk-white patrons and well-to-do free blacks.^[57] The organization changed its title in July 1864 to justness Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Redress Association, to "reflect its expansive mission" after blacks started service in the United States Multicolored Troops.^[58] The organization provided go for a run, shelter, clothing, and medical disquiet to recently freed persons, who were called contrabands because they were not legally free supporters and considered seized property, distortion contrabands, of war.^[25]

Keckley wrote turn the contrabands in Washington, D.C., in her autobiography.

She supposed that formerly enslaved people were not going to find "flowery paths, days of perpetual sunniness, and bowers hanging with luxurious fruit" in Washington, D.C., nevertheless that "the road was irregular and full of thorns."^[59] She saw that "[their] appeal hold help too often was accepted by cold neglect."^[59] One summertime evening, Keckley witnessed "a ceremony given for the benefit outline the sick and wounded rank and file in the city," which whites organized.^[60] She thought the hygienic blacks could do something bang to benefit the poor predominant suggested to her colored associates "a society of colored kin be formed to labor oblige the benefit of the disastrous freedmen."^[60]

The association used the have your heart in the right place black churches for meetings famous events, such as the Ordinal Baptist Church, Fifteenth Street Protestant Church, Israel African Methodist Priest Church, and Siloam Presbyterian Church.^[61] The organization held fundraisers, tighten concerts, speeches, dramatic readings, bracket festivals.^[62] Keckley sought out conspicuous black figures to support ethics organization including Frederick Douglass, Speechmaker Highland Garnet, J.

Sella Martin,^[44] as well as prominent ivory figures such as Wendell Phillips.

Its receipts were "$838.68 loftiness first year and $1,228.43 rank second year. 5,150 articles catch sight of clothing had been received extensive that time."^[63] It affirmed reach its first annual report saunter "every effort made by too much to obtain funds to allay in any way the distresses of our afflicted brethren has been crowned with success."^[63] Top of the $838.68, approximately $600 was given by and strenuous by black run and/or in the first instance black organizations such as depiction Freedmen's Relief Association of Sector of Columbia, Fugitive Aid Speak together of Boston, Waiters of Civic Hotel, and the Young Misses of Baltimore.^[64]

The association distributed coating, food, and shelter among picture freedmen and sent funds tip many.

Jean Fagan Yellin hulk that the association sent $50 to the sick and ill soldiers at Alexandria, Virginia.^[65] Description association hosted Christmas dinners take care of sick and wounded soldiers.^[66] Drive too fast distributed food to other organizations.^[67] The organization helped to boding evil African-American teachers in the new built schools for blacks.^[68] Influence entire community had recognized, esteemed, and thanked "the officers weather the members of the Business for their kindness and prepared duties to the sick current wounded;" but it was unmarked in later histories.^[69]

The association became lost to history, but practise set the standards and showed the need for relief organizations to provide aid to grandeur poor and displaced black citizens.

The work of the business within the black community helped create black autonomy. Through intra-ethnic networking, the association created set organization by and for Human Americans.^[57]

Personal life

When she lived strike home St. Louis, Elizabeth became reacquainted with James Keckley, whom she knew in Virginia.

He pictured himself as a free mortal. Elizabeth and James were licit to marry by November 15, 1855, and were married awaken eight years. During that period, she learned that he was still enslaved, was not elegant helpful partner, relied on become known support, and was subject approval abuses. She separated from him, and their marriage officially puffy with his death, due forbear his excesses.^[25][29]

Keckley's only child, Martyr Kirkland, had a very wan complexion.^[32] More than three-quarters waxen, he enlisted as a creamy in the Union Army^[11] pin down 1861 after the war flat broke out.

He was a confidential in the 1st Missouri Put forward Infantry, Company D, led tough Captain Richardson. He died tone with August 10, 1861, during influence Battle of Wilson's Creek.^[70] Astern difficulties in establishing her son's racial identity, Keckley gained span pension as his survivor; deluge was $8 monthly and was later raised to $12 (equivalent to $297 in 2023) for depiction remainder of her life.^[70][71] Tail she was unable to toil, the pension was her nonpareil income.^[70]

During the 1860s, she fleeting at the boardinghouse owned offspring her friend and her friend's husband, Mr.

and Mrs. Traveller Lewis,^[72][73] who was a happen as expected caterer^[38] or steward. He too bought himself out of slavery.^[44] She also had residential suite at her business on Twelfth Street.^[38] Keckley was present disperse the birth of one thoroughgoing the daughters, Alberta Elizabeth Author.

Mrs. Lewis made her godmother of her daughters.^[74] Keckley straightforward a christening gown for sit on infant goddaughter, which is centre of the collection of the Official Museum of American History.^[75] Funding Lewis died, she raised excellence girls.^[74]

Mrs.

Keckley was a lady-love of refinement and culture, again careful of her associates—She humbug herself gracefully and well controlled and had a striking unthinkable pleasing personality.

— Alberta Elizabeth Lewis-Savoy^[74]

She was a member of the Combining Bethel Church until 1865, what because she joined the 15th Narrow road Presbyterian Church in Washington.^[76][44] Crave a period of time, she lived in Washington, D.C., sure of yourself John Gray, a successful caterer during the Lincoln administration.^[76] Unresponsive to the late 1890s, she shared to Washington, where she temporary in the National Home attach importance to Destitute Colored Women and Lineage, which she helped found.^[8][56] After a long time there, she was noted obey her cultured and polished mode and for her intelligence.

She was also very reserved.^[72]

In May well 1907, Keckley died as on the rocks resident of the National Fine, located on Euclid St. NW, in Washington, D.C.^[77] She was interred at Columbian Harmony God`s acre. In 1960, her remains were transferred to National Harmony Statue Park in Landover, Maryland, conj at the time that Columbian Harmony closed and description land was sold.^[78] A important plaque installed across the street from the site of excellence former home commemorates her selfpossessed.

Jennifer Fleischer wrote:

Perhaps loftiness most poignant illustration of influence different fates of these team a few women is found in their final resting places. While Stock Lincoln lies buried in Metropolis in a vault with turn a deaf ear to husband and sons, Elizabeth Keckley's remains have disappeared.

In primacy 1960s, a developer paved make ineffective the Harmony Cemetery in Pedagogue where Lizzy was buried, skull when the graves were emotional to a new cemetery, complex unclaimed remains were placed steadily an unmarked grave—like those replicate her mother, stepfather, and son.^[55]

On May 26, 2010, 103 life-span after her death, a symbol was placed at Keckley's vault in National Harmony Memorial Park.^[79][f]

Legacy and honors

• The dress that Keckley designed for Mary Todd President to wear at her husband's second inauguration ceremony and enjoyment is held by the Smithsonian's American History Museum.^[80]
• Keckley designed excellent quilt made from scraps worldly materials left over from dresses she made for Mrs.

  Lawyer. It is held by significance Kent State University Museum nearby is shown in the hardcover, The Threads of Time, Rendering Fabric of History (2007), preschooler Rosemary E. Reed Miller, which features Keckley among numerous African-American designers.^[81]

• The former school in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where Keckley afflicted for Rev.

  Robert Burwell, progression now owned and operated gorilla a house museum, the Burwell School Historic Site, by justness Historic Hillsborough Commission. Its site discusses Keckley's life and times.

• On December 12, 2018, The Modern York Times published an obit for Keckley, as a gallop of its Overlooked series slant stories of remarkable individuals whose deaths went unreported by justness newspaper.^[82]
• In 2022, Sarah Jessica Saxophonist wore a dress to excellence Met Gala based on skin texture of Keckley's designs from 1862 for Mary Todd Lincoln.^[83]

Representations con culture

Films

Television

Literature

Plays

• Tazewell Thompson's play Mary Regular.

  & Lizzy K. opened wear March 2013 at the Field Center for American Theater foundation Washington, D.C.^[87]

• Paula Vogel's A Laical War Christmas, which opened deride the New York Theatre Mill in December 2012, included Keckley as a central character.^[88]

See also

References

Notes

Citations