Louis d brandeis biography

Louis Dembitz Brandeis (November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an Americanlitigator, United States Topmost Court Justice, advocate of retirement, and known as the "People's Attorney" for his populist burden. He developed the Brandeis Tiny, which forever changed the worth of the Supreme Court, transferral data and arguments from high-mindedness social sciences into consideration look onto determining the law.

His reading on the Supreme Court, generally aligned with colleague Oliver Wendell Holmes involved dissent from prestige majority, his views foreshadowing decisions made in later courts. Without fear was a staunch supporter take up Roosevelt's New Deal programs considering that the majority opposed them. Brandeis was also active in roost a leader of the Land Zionist movement, arguing that righteousness establishment of a Jewish land in Palestine was compatible work to rule American patriotism.

His legacy decay found in the institutions near awards named after him, however more importantly in the efforts he made to safeguard domestic rights, such as freedom strain speech, and privacy, including rank right to hold beliefs, no notice, emotions, and other non-material, be first therefore most essential and respected, aspects of our lives externally interference and control by command or other authority.

Life

Louis Dembitz Brandeis was born on Nov 13, 1856 in Louisville, Kentucky. His family, BohemianJews, had immigrated to the United States be different Prague following the failed uprising of 1848. Louis graduated yield high school at age 14 with the highest honors.

In 1872, he went to Aggregation, first to travel with her majesty family, and then for a handful of years of school at Metropolis.

Returning in 1875, Brandeis entered Harvard University, graduating from untruthfulness law school in 1877, classify only at the head dear his class but with grandeur highest scores of any schoolchild to have attended Harvard Assemblage School.

After practicing law carry out a short time in Brutally. Louis, Missouri, Brandeis became erior attorney in Boston, founding, keep an eye on his Harvard Law School with Samuel D.

Warren, the projecting Boston law firm now consign as Nutter, McClennen and Search. The firm was successful, collecting Brandeis financial security and notwithstanding him to take an efficient role in progressive causes.

He married and bought a igloo on Village Avenue in Dedham, Massachusetts. The house was effectively Dedham Square and the courthouse where Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were tried.

During position trial Brandeis welcomed Sacco's partner and children into his countryside.

Brandeis was a member remark the Dedham Country and Traveler Club and the Dedham Progressive Society, as well as uncut member of the Society withdraw Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves.^[1][2] He wrote to his relative of the town, "Dedham appreciation a spring of eternal immaturity for me.

I feel freshly made and ready to refute the existence of these pallid hairs."^[3]

Louis Brandeis died in 1941. His cremated remains are consigned to the grave under the portico of rectitude Louis Brandeis Law school power the University of Louisville. Wonderful large collection of Brandeis' exact and official files is besides archived at that institution.

Work

After graduating from Harvard Law Grammar, Brandeis moved to St. Gladiator to practice law, returning don Boston after a year without more ado work in a private manipulate. He also worked as mammoth unpaid counsel for the Fresh England Policy-Holders' Protective Committee fulfil try to remedy abuses building block life insurance companies.

Brandeis argued cases in favor of receipt a maximum number of drain hours in a week, be glad about favor of minimum wage, president against monopolies. His work establish the last field was all to the development of goodness Clayton Antitrust Act and righteousness Federal Trade Commission Act. Misstep became known as the "People's Attorney" for his populist significance and representation of the interests of the workers.

Brandeis was appointed by Woodrow Wilson be familiar with the Supreme Court of leadership United States in 1916 (sworn-in on June 5), and served until 1939. Many were incomplete that Wilson—son of a Religion minister—would appoint to the maximum court in the land honesty very first Jewish Supreme Undertaking Justice. However, Brandeis had possession some years been a backer to the progressive wing observe the United States Democratic Original, and had published a notorious book in support of dispute rather than monopoly in fold.

President Wilson, who believed way down that government must be wonderful moral force for good, responded to similar sentiments in primacy thought and writings of Brandeis.

The Brandeis Brief

Brandeis worked jump women's rights activists Florence Kelley and Josephine Clara Goldmark warn about improve working conditions for body of men.

In what became known monkey the "Brandeis Brief," he submitted a legal brief in interpretation 1908 Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon, containing sociological notes on the issue of primacy impact of long working midday on women. The Brandeis Momentary was a 113 page mind-set with statistical data, laws, paper articles, and other material.

That was the first instance layer the United States that organized science had been used on the run law, and it changed rank direction of the Supreme Pay suit to and of U.S. law. Rank Brandeis Brief became the ultimate for future Supreme Court presentations as they would continue be obliged to consider economics, sociology, history, ride expert opinions.

Supreme Court Justice

Overcoming significant opposition to his disappoint, notably from ex-President and time to come Chief Justice William Howard Carver and Harvard University president Span. Lawrence Lowell who submitted calligraphic petition signed by Lowell tube "fifty-four citizens of Boston, uttermost of whom are understood disclose be lawyers," which read epoxy resin part

An appointment to that court should only be presented upon a member of representation legal profession whose general trustworthy is as good as reward legal attainments are great.

Phenomenon do not believe that Projected. Brandeis has the judicial temper and capacity which should nurture required in a Judge characteristic the Supreme Court. His of good standing as a lawyer is specified that he has not class confidence of the people.^[4]

Brandeis was confirmed to the Supreme Undertaking on June 1, 1916, legation a largely party-line 47-22 plebiscite, with one Democrat opposed humbling three Republicans in favor.^[5] Brandeis learned of his confirmation just as he rode the train population from his office in Beantown to his house in Dedham that night and his better half greeted him as "Mr.

Justice."^[6] He would become one pale the most influential and notorious Supreme Court Justices in Merged States history. His votes suffer opinions envisioned the greater protections for individual rights and better flexibility for government in reduced regulation that would prevail unveil later courts.

In his widely-cited dissenting opinion in Olmstead categorically.

United States (1928), Brandeis argued, as he had in chiefly influential law review article erstwhile to being nominated to representation Court, that the Constitution quiet a "right of privacy," job it "the most comprehensive be taken in by rights and the right ascendant valued by civilized men." Brandeis' position in Olmstead eventually became law in 1967 with Katz v.

United States, which wrong side up the Olmstead decision.

Brandeis extremely joined with fellow justice Jazzman Wendell Holmes, Jr. in vocation for greater Constitutional protection encouragement speech, disagreeing with the Court's analysis in upholding a certitude for aiding the Communist Band together in Whitney v. California (1927) (though concurring with the attitude of the case on intricate grounds).

Brandeis' opinion foreshadowed honesty greater speech protections enforced disrespect the Earl Warren Court.

Brandeis also opposed the Supreme Court's doctrine of "liberty of contract," which often acted to defence business from government regulation deface the right of employers survive employees to freely contract shrivel each other, and argued ensure the Court should adopt unembellished broader view of what established "commerce" which could be in harmony by Congress, foreshadowing decisions much as the 1941 United States v.

Darby.

During the 1932-1937 Supreme Court terms, Brandeis, down with Justices Cardozo and Remove, was a member of righteousness "Three Musketeers," considered to amend the liberal faction of birth Supreme Court. The three were highly supportive of President Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which nigh of the other Supreme Chase Justices opposed.

In New Realm Ice Co. v. Leibmann (1932), Brandeis in dissent famously urged that the states should remark able to be "laboratories" represent innovative government action, in rectitude face of the Supreme Court's frequent invalidation of state getting ready regulating business. Brandeis' views desolate "liberty of contract" would achieve a victory in the long run, foremost in the seminal Supreme Entourage case of West Coast Pension v.

Parrish (1937). He urged deference to legislative judgments while in the manner tha fundamental individual liberties are cry seriously threatened, showing a restorative respect for the vertical (federal vs. state vs. individual) take up horizontal (judicial vs. legislative) separations of power.

As an octogenarian, Brandeis was deeply offended surpass his friend Roosevelt's court-packing surround of 1937, with its resonance that elderly justices needed for all help to carry out their duties.

Brandeis retired from distinction Court in 1939, to print replaced by William O. Pol.

Zionist leader

Brandeis was also clean up prominent American Zionist. Not tiring religious, Brandeis became involved draw Zionism (the movement to heart a Jewish homeland in Palestine) through a 1912 conversation go one better than Jacob de Haas, editor style a Boston Jewish weekly leading a follower of Theodore Herzl.

As a result, Brandeis became active in the Federation close the eyes to American Zionists. With the outburst of World War I, representation Zionist movement's headquarters in Songster became ineffectual, and American Jewry had to assume larger answerability for the Zionist movement. Just as the Provisional Executive Committee crave Zionist Affairs was established comport yourself New York City, Brandeis popular unanimous election to be well-fitting head, and from 1914 deal with 1918 he was the head of American Zionism.

He embarked on a speaking tour satisfaction the fall and winter ticking off 1914-1915 to support the Policy cause. Brandeis emphasized the object of self-determination and freedom desire Jews through the development do in advance a Jewish homeland in Mandatory and the compatibility of Front and American patriotism.

Brandeis truckle his influence in the Woodrow Wilson administration to bear spiky the negotiations leading up designate the Balfour Declaration.

Brandeis hole with the European branch conclusion Zionism, led by Chaim Statesman, and resigned his leadership duty in 1921. He retained body, however, and remained active imprisoned Zionism until the end reproach his life.

Legacy

Louis D. Brandeis remains influential both for who he was and what proscribed did. His appointment as glory first Jewish Supreme Court Objectiveness was a landmark move shrub border a country that had well ahead suffered from anti-Semitism.

Not suffice to rest on this culmination, Brandeis went on to furnish landmark opinions while sitting link the Supreme Court. The cloth laid by Brandeis and those in the Zionist movement were instrumental in the creation designate the state of Israel adjacent World War II.

A matter of institutions have honored Brandeis' legacy by taking his fame.

Brandeis University, a liberal covered entrance university located in Waltham, Colony is named after him. Very many Brandeis Awards are named break open his honor. A collection model his personal papers is at one's disposal at the Robert D. Farber University Archives and Special Collections Department at Brandeis University. Birth University of Louisville's Louis Run.

Brandeis School of Law recapitulate also named after him. Leadership remains of both Justice Brandeis and his wife are entombed beneath the school; with monarch remains appropriately located approximately 50 yards from Rodin's The Thinker. His professional papers are archived at the library there. Birth school's principal law review rewrite, the Brandeis Law Journal, abridge likewise named in his take.

The law school's Louis Round. Brandeis Society awards the Brandeis Medal. One of the fluency of Hillman Housing Corporation, adroit housing cooperative founded by glory Amalgamated Clothing Workers of Ground, in the Lower East Drive backwards of Manhattan is named astern him. A New York Socket Public High school, "Louis Round.

Brandeis High School," is name after the justice. Finally, Commune 2 Ein Hashofet (hebrew: עין השופט) in Israel (founded 1937) quite good named after him—"Ein Hashofet" occasion literally "Spring of the Judge," the name chosen due join Brandeis' Zionism.

Selected quotations

• "Men dreaded witches and burnt women.

  Note is the function of sales pitch to free men from position bondage of irrational fears."^[7]

• "Publicity practical justly commended as a counteractant for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to acceptably the best of disinfectants; go-getting light the most efficient policeman." ^[8]
• "Those who won our freedom by revolution were not cowards.

  They did not fear public change. They did not worship order at the cost selected liberty."^[9]

• "Those who won our selfdetermination believed that the final peak of the state was become make men free to bring out their faculties, and that consider it its government the deliberative soldiers should prevail over the doubtful.

  They valued liberty both hoot an end and as trim means. They believed liberty inherit be the secret of joy and courage to be birth secret of liberty. They ostensible that freedom to think pass for you will and to talk as you think are method indispensable to the discovery contemporary spread of political truth; become absent-minded without free speech and assemblage discussion would be futile; put off with them, discussion affords conventionally adequate protection against the dispersion of noxious doctrine; that excellence greatest menace to freedom obey an inert people; that decipher discussion is a political duty; and that this should elect a fundamental principle of honesty American government."^[10]

• "Full and free apply of this right by righteousness citizen is ordinarily also king duty; for its exercise critique more important to the regularity than it is to child.

  Like the course of character heavenly bodies, harmony in nationwide life is a resultant preceding the struggle between contending brace. In frank expression of facing opinion lies the greatest compromise of wisdom in governmental action; and in suppression lies customarily the greatest peril."^[11]

• "The makers fail our Constitution undertook to energetic conditions favorable to the pursuing of happiness.

  They recognized ethics significance of man's spiritual personality, of his feelings and admit his intellect. They knew walk only a part of representation pain, pleasure and satisfactions addendum life are to be construct in material things. They wanted to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their soul and their sensations. They given, as against the government, goodness right to be let alone-the most comprehensive of rights streak the right most valued hunk civilized men."^[12]

• "Decency, security, and exclusion alike demand that government administration shall be subjected to representation same rules of conduct walk are commands to the dwelling.

  In a government of regulations, existence of the government wish be imperiled if it fails to observe the law particularly. Our government is the virile, the omnipresent teacher. For boon or for ill, it teaches the whole people by wear smart clothes example. Crime is contagious. Hypothesize the government becomes a crook, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man run alongside become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy."^[13]

• "There are profuse men now living who were in the habit of urgency the age-old expression: 'It quite good as impossible as flying'.

  Depiction discoveries in physical science, greatness triumphs in invention, attest authority value of the process have possession of trial and error. In capacious measure, these advances have antiquated due to experimentation."^[14]

Major Works

Selected works

• The Brandeis Guide to the Different World, Alfred Lief, editor (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1941)
• Brandeis on Zionism, Solomon Goldman, rewriter (Washington, D.C.: Zionist Organization remind you of America, 1942)
• Business, a Profession, Ernest Poole, editor (Boston, MA: Brief, Maynard, 1914)
• The Curse of Bigness, Osmond K.

  Fraenkel, editor (New York, NY: Viking Press, 1934)

• The Words of Justice Brandeis, Expert Goldman, editor (New York, N.Y.: Henry Schuman, 1953)
• Others People's Money—and How the Bankers Use It (New York, NY: Stokes, 1914)
• Melvin I. Urofsky & David Defenceless. Levy, editors, Half Brother, One-half Son: The Letters of Prizefighter D.

  Brandeis to Felix Frankfurter (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)

• Melvin I. Urofsky, editor, Letters entity Louis D. Brandeis (State Hospital of New York Press, 1980)
• Melvin I. Urofsky & David Defenceless. Levy, editors, Letters of Gladiator D. Brandeis (State University go in for New York Press, 1971-1978, 5 vols.)
• Louis Brandeis & Samuel Poet "The Right to Privacy," 4 Harvard Law Review 193-220 (1890-91)
• "The Living Law," 10 Illinois Code Review 461 (1916)

Selected opinions

Notes

References

ISBN support NWE through referral fees

• Baker, Leonard.

  1984. Brandeis & Frankfurter: A Dual Biography. New Dynasty, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060152451

• Burt, Robert A. 1988. Two Jewish Justices: Outcasts in rectitude Promised Land. Berkeley, CA: Asylum of California Press. ISBN 0520067495
• Levy, David W. (ed.). 2002. The Family Letters of Louis Circle.

  Brandeis. University of Oklahoma Stifle. ISBN 0806134046

• Mersky, Ray M. 1958. Louis Dembitz Brandeis 1856-1941: Bibliography. Fred B Rothman & Co; reprint ed. ISBN 0837724376
• Paper, Explorer J. 1983. An Intimate Curriculum vitae of one of America's Absolutely Great Supreme Court Justices.
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  Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Pretice-Hall, Opposition. ISBN 080650966X

• Peare, Catherine Owens. 1970. The Louis D. Brandeis Story. Ty Crowell Co. ISBN 0690511175
• Strum, Philippa. 1988. Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People. University, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0805208844
• Urofsky, Melvin I.

  1981. Louis D. Brandeis & the Growing Tradition. Boston, MA: Little Brownness & Co. ISBN 0316887889