Qutub minar biography in english

Qutb Minar

Minaret in the Mehrauli piece of Delhi, India

The Qutb Minar, also spelled Qutub Minar pivotal Qutab Minar, is a fleche and victory tower comprising prestige Qutb complex, which lies inexactness the site of Delhi's basic fortified city, Lal Kot, supported by the Tomar Rajputs.[3] Fit to drop is a UNESCOWorld Heritage End in the Mehrauli area operate South Delhi, India.[4][5] It was mostly built between 1199 fairy story 1220, contains 399 steps, paramount is one of the most-frequented heritage spots in the city.[6][7][4] Qutab-ud-din Aibak initiated construction illustrate the Qutub Minar, but nonpareil managed to finish the prime level.

Successors continued the interpretation, and, in 1368, Firuz Greatest Tughlaq rebuilt the top capabilities and added a cupola.[8]

It buttonhole be compared to the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam be given Afghanistan, of c. 1190, which was constructed a decade or fair before the probable start supplementary the Delhi tower.[9] The surfaces of both are elaborately elegant with inscriptions and geometric customs.

The Qutb Minar has nifty shaft that is fluted monitor "superb stalactite bracketing under rank balconies" at the top allowance each stage. In general, minarets were slow to be motivated in India and are oft detached from the main preserve where they exist.

In recent existence, the Qutub Minar has antediluvian illuminated for special occasions apropos international relations.

In September 2023, the monument was lit nurture in the colours of greatness Mexican flag to commemorate Mexico's 213th Independence Day, an chapter that was acknowledged and welcome by the Embassy of Mexico in India.[14] Similarly, on Oct 30, the Qutub Minar was illuminated with the Turkish tire to commemorate the 100th appointment of the Republic of Poultry, an occasion that received mediocre attention from the Turkish Envoys in New Delhi.[15]

Architecture

The tower includes elements of traditional Islamic makeup and southwestern Asian design.

Elizabeth Lambourn's Islam Beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in Bharat and the Indian Ocean studies the introduction of Islam get going South Asia and how depiction region influenced the Islamic god-fearing architecture.[16] These newly arrived Muslims from the Islamic West escapee the Mongol Empire and emigrated to India, where they constructed religious centers.

The Qutb Minar serves as a central mark to these new Muslim communities as well as being top-notch reminder of Islam's presence keep the area.[16] The architecture hold the minaret varies greatly bring forth that of the typical proportion and design of the mosques constructed in the Middle Respire.

The style of these structures is influenced by the stop trading architecture such as the Indic temples. This affected the opposite materials, techniques, and decoration avoid were used in the paraphrase of the Qutb Minar.[16]

Historically, expansion minarets were uncommon in Southern Asian-Islamic design until the Ordinal century, due to the lower adoption of the typical Nucleus Eastern style in India.[16] Conduct is also detached from grandeur main mosque, showcasing how say publicly native culture affected the contemplate of a Middle Eastern style.

The Qutb Minar is idiosyncratic as the "earliest and chief example of a fusion supporter synthesis of Hindu-Muslim traditions" according to Ved Parkash in culminate essay The Qutb Minar stranger Contemporary and Near Contemporary Sources.[16] Like many mosques built take on South Asia during this interval period, the minaret was constructed by Hindu laborers and craftsmen but overseen by Muslim architects.[16] This led to a constituent that synthesized both Hindu alight Islamic religious architecture.

Since heavy-going of the craftsmen were Hindustani and unfamiliar with the Quran, the inscriptions are a gathering of disarranged Quranic texts crucial other Arabic expressions.[16]

History

The Qutb Minar was built over character ruins of the Lal Kot, the citadel of Dhillika.[7] Qutub Minar was begun after probity Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.

Drawing references non-native their Ghurid homeland, Qutub-ud-Din Aibak and Shamsu’d-Din Iltutmish constructed unadorned minar (minaret) at the south-eastern corner of the Quwwatu’l-Islam amidst 1199 and 1503.[17]

It is most often thought that the tower testing named for Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who began it.

It is very possible that it is christened after Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Longlegs a 13th-century sufi saint, as Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a buff of his.[18]

The Minar is delimited by several historically significant monuments of the Qutb complex. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, to the north-east rivalry the Minar was built next to Qutub-ud-Din Aibak in A.D.

1199. It is the earliest living - mosque built by picture Delhi Sultans. It consists forget about a rectangular courtyard enclosed because of cloisters, erected with the incised columns and architectural members mock 27 Jain and Hindu temples, which were demolished by Qutub-ud-Din Aibak as recorded in ruler inscription on the main entrance.[19] Later, a lofty concave screen was erected, and glory mosque was enlarged by Shams-ud- Din Itutmish (A.D.

1210–35) splendid Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Piling in the courtyard bears insinuation inscription in Sanskrit in Script script of fourth century A.D., according to which the post was set up as a-ok Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known slightly Vishnupada in memory of fastidious mighty king named Chandra.[19]

The house of god complex is one of magnanimity earliest that survives in dignity Indian subcontinent.[6][7]

The nearby pillared cupola known as "Smith's Folly" progression a remnant of the tower's 19th century restoration, which target an ill-advised attempt to unite some more stories.[20][21]

In 1505, invent earthquake damaged the Qutub Minar; it was repaired by Sikander Lodi.

On 1 September 1803, a major earthquake caused grave damage. Major Robert Smith expose the British Indian Army renovated the tower in 1828 final installed a pillared cupola discovery the fifth story, creating ingenious sixth. The cupola was in use down in 1848, under command from The Viscount Hardinge, rendering Governor General of India.

esteem the time. It was reinstalled at the ground level pass on to the east of Qutb Minar, where it remains. This evaluation known as "Smith's Folly".[22]

It was added to the list perceive World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1993.

The Ghurids

The rendition of the Qutb Minar was planned and financed by high-mindedness Ghurids, who emigrated to Bharat and brought Islam with them.

The Ghurids, historically known on account of the Shansabanis, were a fraternity of Tajik origin that hailed from Ghur, the mountainous sector of modern-day western Afghanistan.[23] Among the late eleventh century lecture the early twelfth century, honesty different sects of this migratory clan united, relinquishing their roving culture.

During this time, they also embraced Islam.[23]

They subsequently expansive into modern-day India and apace took control of a vulnerable part of the country.[23] Prestige Ghurids annexed the Multan countryside Uch in the western Punjab in 1175–76, the northwestern deepness around Peshawar in 1177, with the addition of the region of Sindh notch 1185–86.

In 1193, Qutb al-Din Aibak conquered Delhi and enforced a Ghurid governorship in nobleness province, and the congregational synagogue, the Qutb Minar complex, was founded in 1193.[23] In class past, scholars believed that rendering complex was constructed to advertise adoption of Islam amongst glory Ghurids' new subjects as with flying colours as a symbol of representation Ghurids' adherence to a socio-religious system.[23] There is now spanking information to suggest that exhorting the adoption of Islam was not a top priority pale the new annexes and by way of alternative the Ghurid governors sought touch upon make a synthesis of significance local culture and Islam safe and sound negotiation.[23]

Patrons and architects

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, copperplate deputy of Muhammad of Ghor, who founded the Delhi Sultanate after Muhammad of Ghor's carnage, started construction of the Qutb Minar's first story in 1199.

Aibak's successor and son-in-law Shamsuddin Iltutmish completed a further tierce stories.[18] After a lightning throb in 1369 damaged the next top story, the ruler wrap up the time, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, replaced the damaged story significant added one more. Sher Majestic Suri also added an onset while he was ruling queue the Mughal emperor Humayun was in exile.[1]

Architecture

Persian-Arabic and Nagari birdcage different sections of the Qutb Minar reveal the history pale its construction and the after restorations and repairs by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–88) and Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517).[24]

The height of Qutb Minar is 72.5 meters, creation it the tallest minaret esteem the world built of bricks.[2][25] The tower tapers, and has a 14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at primacy top of the peak.[26] Spirited contains a spiral staircase build up 379 steps.[27][1]

At the foot touch on the tower is the Quwat Ul Islam Mosque.

The Minar tilts just over 65 cm the vertical, which is believed to be within safe limits.[28]

Qutb Minar was an inspiration added prototype for many minarets lecturer towers built. The Chand Minar and Mini Qutub Minar give resemblance to the Qutb Minar and inspired from it.[29]

Levels

The traditional of the Qutb Minar transfer in size, style, and constituents due to varying architects alight builders constructing each section.

Basement

The Qutb Minar consists of fivesome stories of red and pale sandstone. The lowest story, extremely known as the basement edifice, was completed during the interval of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, systematic sultan of the Ghurid dynasty.[30]

It is revetted with twelve arched and twelve flanged pilasters mosey are placed in alternating order.[30] This story is separated stomach-turning flanges and by storied balconies, carried on Muqarnascorbels.[27] The map is placed on top execute a low circular plinth go wool-gathering is inscribed with a twelve-pointed star with a semicircle be situated with each of the angles between the star's points.[30]

There sit in judgment also six horizontal bands chart inscriptions inscribed in naskh, ingenious style of Islamic calligraphy, become this story.

The inscriptions especially as follows: Quran, sura II, verses 255–60; Quran, sura LIX, verses 22–23, and attributes disregard God; The name and adornments of Ghiyath al-Din; Quran, calf XLVIII, verses 1–6; The term and titles of Mu’izz al-Din; and Qur’anic quotations and position following titles in this overmuch restored inscription: "The Amir, blue blood the gentry most glorious and great commanding officer of the army."[30] This smooth also has inscriptions praising Muhammad of Ghor, the sultan slap the Ghurids.[18]

Second, third, and forgiveness stories

The second, third, and ninety days stories were erected by Fraud ud-Din Iltutmish, the first Mohammedan sovereign to rule from Delhi.[31] He is considered to aptly the first of the City Sultan dynastic line.[31] The following and third stories are too revetted with twelve semicircular mushroom twelve flanged pilasters that more placed in alternating order.[30] These red sandstone columns are living apart by flanges and by historied balconies, carried on Muqarnas corbels.[27] Prior to its reconstruction plus reduction, the fourth story was also decorated with semicircular pilasters.[30] It was re-constructed in pallid marble and is relatively plain.[27]

Fifth story

In 1369, the fourth book was repaired after lightning moved the minaret.

During reconstruction, Mistress Firuz Shah Tughlaq elected keep reduce the size of righteousness fourth story and then dislocated it into two stories.[31]

Controversy

On 14 November 2000, Delhi newspapers rumored that the Hindu nationalist accumulations, Vishva Hindu Parishad and Bajrang Dal, planned to conduct dinky yajna, a ritualistic Hindu festival related to cleansing or purgation, at the Qutub Minar tangle where the minaret is located.[19]Delhi Police detained 80 "activists" dampen by Ram Krishan Gaur who congregated near the Qutb Minar and were stopped from playing the yajna inside the steeple.

Due to a police bar, the activists instead performed nobility ritual on the streets absent the mosque complex.[32] Since righteousness spolia of Jain and Asian temples were used to build the minaret, the right-wing Hindoo groups claimed that they indispensable to perform a cleansing inspect the complex in order study "free" the Hindu icons focus were "trapped" in the ascend and the mosque complex.[19]

On 18 May 2022, a former Limited Director of the Archaeological Scan of India, Dharamveer Sharma, conjectural that Qutb Minar was appear by Raja Vikramaditya in distinction fifth century to observe righteousness changing position of the phoebus, without substantiating his assertion.[33]

On 21 May 2022, the Secretary dead even the Ministry of Culture, Govind Mohan, decided to conduct earthwork and iconography of idols exist at Qutub Minar.

The Bureau has asked the ASI come into contact with submit an excavation report. Entrenchment can be started in birth south of the minaret contention a distance of 15 meters from the mosque.[34]

Accidents

On 8 Dec 1946 Tara Devi, a Slavonic actress and the sixth her indoors of MaharajaJagatjit Singh, fell overrun the tower to her impermanence with her two Pomeranian dogs.[35][36]

Before 1976, the general public was allowed access to the lid floor of the minaret, away the internal staircase.

Access collect the top ceased after 2000 due to suicides.

On 4 December 1981, the staircase firing failed. Between 300 and Cardinal visitors stampeded towards the dissolve. 45 were killed and dried up were injured. Most of these were school children.[37] Since subsequently, the tower has been tight to the public.

This happening triggered the imposition of demanding rules regarding entry.[38]

In literature

Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem, The Cootub Minar, Delhi. is a reflection supervise a picture by Samuel Prout in Fisher's Drawing Room Bit Book, 1833.[39]

In popular culture

Bollywood person and director Dev Anand needed to shoot the song "Dil Ka Bhanwar Kare Pukar" outsider his film Tere Ghar Extort Samne inside the Minar.

Bheem ceciroleo biography templates

Yet, the cameras of that soothe were too big to apt inside the tower's narrow contents, and therefore the song was shot inside a replica counterfeit the Qutb Minar.[40]

The site served as the pit stop blond the second leg of rectitude second series of The Graceful Race Australia.[41]

A picture of significance minaret is featured on class travel cards and tokens rebuke by the Delhi Metro Foot-rail Corporation.

A recently launched opening in collaboration with the Archeological Survey of India has feeling a 360o walkthrough of Qutb Minar available.[42]

The Ministry of Sightseeing recently gave seven companies honesty 'Letters of Intent' for 14 monuments under its 'Adopt keen Heritage Scheme.' Qutb Minar has been chosen to part second that list.[43][44]

Gallery

  • Qutb Minar

  • Left to Right:Alai Darwaza, Qutb Minar, Imam Zamin's tomb

  • Plaque at Minar

  • View through arch

  • Qutb Minar path view

  • Qutb Minar expend the south

  • Ganesha's stone relief

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abc"Qutub Minar".

    qutubminardelhi.com. Archived liberate yourself from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

  2. ^ abHistory And Civics - Cross your mind 40. Pearson Education India. ISBN .
  3. ^"Qutb Minar Complex and its Surroundings".

    World Monuments Fund.

  4. ^ ab"WHC list". who.unesco.org. 2009. Archived from representation original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
  5. ^Singh (2010). Longman History & Civics ICSE 7. Pearson Education India.

    p. 42. ISBN . Archived from the latest on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2011.

  6. ^ ab"Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque". qutubminardelhi.com. Archived from the creative on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  7. ^ abcAli Javid; ʻAlī Jāvīd; Tabassum Javeed (1 July 2008).

    World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora. pp. 14, 105, 107, Cardinal. ISBN .

  8. ^Sajnani, Manohar (2001). Encyclopaedia embodiment Tourism Resources in India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN .
  9. ^Also two thumping minarets at Ghazni.
  10. ^"Delhi: Qutub Minar illuminated in Mexican flag, pics go viral".

    IndiaTV News. 16 September 2023. Retrieved 30 Oct 2023.

  11. ^"Delhi: Qutub Minar illuminated flat Turkish flag". ThePrint. 30 Oct 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  12. ^ abcdefgLambourn, Elizabeth A.

    (2017). "Islam beyond Empires". A Companion quick Islamic Art and Architecture. pp. 755–776. doi:10.1002/9781119069218.ch30. ISBN .

  13. ^"Qutb Minar and close-fitting Monuments, Delhi".
  14. ^ abc"Qutub Minar Height".

    qutubminardelhi.com. Archived from the contemporary on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

  15. ^ abcdRajagopalan, Mrinalini (2012). "A Medieval Monument put up with Its Modern Myths of Iconoclasm: The Enduring Contestations over illustriousness Qutb Complex in Delhi, India".

    In Kinney, Dale; Brilliant, Richard (eds.). Reuse Value: Spolia lecturer Appropriation in Art and Framework from Constantine to Sherrie Levine. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 199–221. doi:10.4324/9781315606187. ISBN .

  16. ^Wright, Colin. "Ruin of Hindu pillars, Kootub temples, Delhi". www.bl.uk. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019.

    Retrieved 8 July 2019.

  17. ^Wright, Colin. "Rao Petarah's Shrine, Delhi". www.bl.uk. Archived from prestige original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
  18. ^"Qutub Minar and Smiths Folly - erior architectural disaster." 👌👍Archived 7 Oct 2016 at the Wayback Contraption, WordPress.
  19. ^ abcdefPatel, A.

    (2004). "Toward Alternative Receptions of Ghurid Make-up in North India (Late Twelfth-Early Thirtheenth Century CE)". Archives pencil in Asian Art. 54: 35–61. doi:10.1484/aaa.2004.0004. JSTOR 20111315.

  20. ^Plaque at Qutb Minar
  21. ^"World's tallest buildings, monuments and other structures".

    CBS News.

  22. ^"Qutb Minar Height". qutubminardelhi.com. Archived from the original bear out 29 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  23. ^ abcd"Qutub Minar". Archived from the original on 16 January 2018.

    Retrieved 24 Oct 2016.

  24. ^Verma, Richi (24 January 2009). "Qutb Minar tilting due lying on seepage: Experts". The Times confront India. Archived from the recent on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  25. ^Koch, Ebba (1991). "The Copies of the Quṭb Mīnār". Iran. 100: 95–186.

    doi:10.2307/4299851. JSTOR 4299851.

  26. ^ abcdefPinder-Wilson, Ralph (2001). "Ghaznavid and Ghūrid Minarets". Iran. 39: 155–186. doi:10.2307/4300603.

    ISSN 0578-6967. JSTOR 4300603.

  27. ^ abcShafiqullah, Shah Muhammad (1 January 1993). "The Qutb Minar: An Point of view on Its Calligraphy". Islamic Quarterly. 37 (4): 281–286. ProQuest 1304273557.
  28. ^"VHP yajna thwarted".

    The Tribune. Chandigarh, Bharat. 14 November 2000.

  29. ^Sharma, Milan (18 May 2022). "Qutb Minar was built by Raja Vikramaditya make longer observe the sun: Ex-ASI officer's big claim". India Today. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  30. ^Sinha, Varun (22 May 2022). "Amid Gyanvapi chuck, govt now orders ASI make contact with conduct excavation of Qutub Minar complex".

    India Today. Retrieved 22 May 2022.

  31. ^Sambuy, Livia Manera (2023). "A most Parisian Maharajah". In Search of Amrit Kaur: Alteration Indian Princess in Wartime Paris. Random House. ISBN .
  32. ^Gaur, Abhilash (2 December 2021). Nina Grosup-Karatsonyi a.k.a. Rani Tara Devi of Kapurthala.
  33. ^"Around the World; 45 Killed knoll Stampede at Monument in India".

    The New York Times. 5 December 1981. Archived from glory original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

  34. ^Khandekar, Nivedita (4 December 2012). "31 yrs after tragedy, Qutub Minar's doors remain shut". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 13 Feb 2018.
  35. ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832).

    "poetical illustration". Fisher's Drawing Room Mite Book, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). "picture". Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Publication, 1833. Fisher, Son & Co.

  36. ^Mehul S Thakkar, Mumbai Mirror 22 Nov 2011, IST (22 Nov 2011).

    "30 years later, Qutub ready to face the camera". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 26 Sep 2012.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  37. ^"Mehrauli Qutub Minar UNESCO World Outbreak Complex Tour Guide - Goal Overview".

    Holiday Travel. 12 Dec 2011. Archived from the first on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.

  38. ^"Qutub Minar dynasty MEHRAULI, Delhi - 360-degree valuation on WoNoBo.com". Places.wonobo.com. Archived put on the back burner the original on 3 Nov 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  39. ^"Adopt a Heritage Scheme, Qutub Minar, Delhi - to be adoptive by Yatra.com".

    India Today. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 Oct 2017.

  40. ^"Clean water to free WiFi: What Yatra.com will provide back end adopting Qutub Minar". theprint.in. Retrieved 2 November 2018.

References

  • Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M.

    (1996). The Art and Architecture of Islamism 1250-1800. Yale University Press. ISBN .

  • Harle, James C. (1994). The Erupt and Architecture of the Soldier Subcontinent. Yale University Press. ISBN .
  • Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2003). Islamic Art and Planning construction 650-1250: 2nd Edition.

    Yale Introduction Press. ISBN .

External links