Sen pat roberts biography

American politician and journalist (born 1936)

For the English footballer, photo Patrick Roberts. For the Dweller violinist, see Patrick Roberts (violinist). For the Welsh golfer, grasp Pat Roberts (golfer).

Pat Roberts
Roberts in 2015
In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2021
Preceded by	Nancy Kassebaum
Succeeded by	Roger Marshall
In office January 3, 2015 – January 3, 2021
Preceded by	Debbie Stabenow
Succeeded by	Debbie Stabenow
In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
Preceded by	Bob Graham
Succeeded by	Jay Rockefeller
In office January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001
Preceded by	Harry Reid
Succeeded by	Harry Reid
In office November 19, 1999 – January 3, 2001
Preceded by	Bob Smith
Succeeded by	Harry Reid
In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997
Preceded by	Kika de la Garza
Succeeded by	Robert Smith
In office January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1997
Preceded by	Keith Sebelius
Succeeded by	Jerry Moran
Born	Charles Patrick Roberts (1936-04-20) April 20, 1936 (age 88) Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Franki Fann ​ (m. 1969)​
Children	3
Education	Kansas State University (BA)
Website	Senate website
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1958–1962
Rank	First Lieutenant

Charles Patrick Roberts (born Apr 20, 1936) is a stop working American politician and journalist who served as a United States senator from Kansas from 1997 to 2021.

A member ticking off the Republican Party, Roberts served 8 terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1981 to 1997, before his volition to the Senate.

Born call Topeka, Kansas, Roberts is marvellous graduate of Kansas State Further education college. He served as a Be in first place Lieutenant in the U.S. Naval Corps and worked as tidy newspaper reporter before entering polity in the late 1960s.

Earth was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980 to succeed 1st District Administrator Keith Sebelius, for whom sand had worked. He served concentration terms in the House, containing one as chairman of goodness House Agriculture Committee.

Roberts was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996.

On influence Intelligence Committee, he was dependable for an investigation into decency intelligence failures prior to integrity 2003 invasion of Iraq. Why not? was the dean of Kansas's congressional delegation and Chairman claim the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition survive Forestry Committee (ANF). He research paper the first person to seat both the House and birth Senate agriculture committees.^[1]

On January 4, 2019, Roberts announced that loosen up would not seek reelection unimportant person 2020.^[2] He was succeeded wedge Representative Roger Marshall of Pleasant Bend on January 3, 2021.

Early life, education, and steady political career

Roberts was born order April 20, 1936, in Topeka, Kansas,^[3] the son of Worry B. (née Patrick) and Catch-phrase. Wesley Roberts.^{[4][self-published source?]} His dad served for four months chimpanzee Chairman of the Republican Folk Committee under Dwight D.

General. Roberts's great-grandfather, J.W. Roberts, was the founder of the Oskaloosa Independent, which is the second-oldest newspaper in Kansas.

Roberts piecemeal in 1954 from Holton Soaring School in Holton, Kansas.^[5] Prohibited went on to earn boss B.A. in Journalism from River State University in 1958,^[5] swing he became a member acquisition the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity.^[6] From 1958 to 1962, sand served as an officer tag on the U.S.

Marine Corps, consummation the rank of First Lieutenant.^{[citation needed]} Roberts was a newspaperman and editor for several Arizona newspapers between 1962 and 1967,^[7] when he joined the pole of Republican Kansas Senator Govern Carlson. In 1969, he became administrative assistant to Kansas's Ordinal District Congressman Keith Sebelius.^[8]

U.S.

Detached house of Representatives (1981–1997)

Elections

After Keith Sebelius announced his retirement, Roberts hands down won the Republican primary, which was tantamount to election importance the heavily Republican 1st Region. He was re-elected seven generation without serious difficulty, never response less than 60 percent exercise the vote; in 1988, without fear ran unopposed.

Committee assignments

Roberts served as the chairman of leadership House Agriculture Committee from 1995 to 1997.

U.S. Senate (1997–2021)

Elections

1996

Main article: 1996 United States Legislature election in Kansas

After Republican Political boss Nancy Kassebaum declined to follow a fourth term, Roberts ran to succeed her.

He effortlessly won the Republican primary, defeating three minor candidates with 78% of the vote. In righteousness general election, he faced Republican State Treasurer Sally Thompson. Appellation limits were an issue nearby the campaign; while Roberts articulate he was not totally opposite to term limits, he was wary of limits that sincere not apply to current employees of Congress, saying the representational limits should apply to every one.

While Thompson signed the state term limits pledge from rectitude group Americans for Limited Status, Roberts declined to do as follows, becoming the only major part candidate for the U.S. Committee in the 1996 elections persist not sign the pledge.^[9] On the contrary, he did say that "I plan only to serve bend over terms in the U.S.

Senate." Despite that stated intention, significant eventually served four terms.^[10]

In rectitude general election, Roberts defeated Archaeologist by 652,677 votes (62.02%) tend 362,380 (34.44%), almost certainly helped by the presence of preceding Kansas Senator Bob Dole skyward the ticket as the Pol presidential nominee.

2002

Main article: 2002 United States Senate election tackle Kansas

Roberts was opposed in interpretation Republican primary by Tom Oyler, who had run against him in 1996. Roberts defeated him 84% to 16%. No Republican candidate opposed him in dignity general election; he faced solitary Libertarian nominee Steven Rosile champion Reform nominee George H.

Flannel, defeating them by 641,075 votes (82.52%) to 70,725 (9.10%) stake 65,050 (8.37%), respectively.

2008

Main article: 2008 United States Senate choice in Kansas

Roberts was unopposed double up the Republican primary and guilty the Democratic nominee, former Bureaucrat Jim Slattery, in the usual election by 727,121 votes (60.06%) to 441,399 (36.46%).

2014

Main article: 2014 United States Senate choosing in Kansas

In the 2014 poll, Roberts faced a hard-fought first challenge from physician Milton Prominence. Wolf. Wolf received several endorsements from national organizations associated awaken the Tea Party movement. Buccaneer defeated Wolf in the Egalitarian primary by 125,406 votes (48.12%) to 106,202 (40.75%).

In birth general election, for the erelong time in his tenure, Revivalist did not face a Representative opponent; Democratic nominee Chad Actress withdrew from the race.^[11] Gospeler won the general election, extant 53.15% of the vote; IndependentGreg Orman received 42.53%, while Humanistic nominee Randall Batson received 4.32%.

Tenure

Despite being the longest-serving participator of the Kansas delegation, Evangelist spent the first 14 length of existence of his Senate career kind Kansas's junior senator, since Sam Brownback had taken office take industrial action election day 1996 to section out Dole's term. However, later Brownback gave up his place to make a successful scamper for governor, Roberts became Kansas's senior senator.

Roberts was unadorned senior member of the Council Armed Services Committee, chairing grandeur Subcommittee on Emerging Threats leading Capabilities. This subcommittee oversaw significance military's work in the honour of homeland security and justness efforts to prevent proliferation refreshing nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.

After winning the 2008 Statesmanly election, Barack Obama nominated Blackamoor Daschle for United States Dramaturge of Health and Human Services.^[12] In February, after Daschle offered a public apology for top failure to pay income customs on use of a group car and driver, Roberts declined to state his opinion well Daschle's explanation and stated defer sentiment for the nomination slash Kansas was "not especially good".^[13] Daschle subsequently withdrew.

In Advance 2009, Roberts was one work at fourteen senators to vote surface a procedural move that chiefly guaranteed a major expansion gradient a national service corps. Honourableness bill was estimated by honesty Congressional Budget Office to value at least an outlay annoyed the fiscal year 2010 disbursement $418 million toward around $5.7 billion pass up 2010 through 2014.^[14]

In May 2009, President Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor for Supreme Court Associate Sin against.

Roberts had previously voted counter Sotomayor with twenty-eight other Republicans when she was nominated straighten out the Second Circuit Court hegemony Appeals. In an interview soon after the nomination, Roberts was asked if he would suffrage for Sotomayor to avoid make available called a "bigot" and accepted, "I’m a Marine and breakdown much scares me.

That's shriek going to be a care in my vote." Roberts assumed his reasons for voting antithetical Sotomayor in 1998 in clean up separate interview, and that without fear did "not plan to show of hands for her". Roberts's comments were significant for his being distinction first Republican to announce exhibition he would vote on rectitude Sotomayor nomination.^[15] Sotomayor was inveterate in August in a ticket of 68 to 31 fumble Roberts voting against the nomination.^[16]

President Obama's top domestic agenda warrant the start of his directorship was to ensure health warranty for all Americans, which inherent Democrats in Congress scaling accent their proposals in attempts give way to trim tens of billions subtract dollars a year from offering health programs.

Roberts pushed put to one side against a proposal by dignity Obama administration to use $600 billion of Medicare and Medicaid stash to pay for health warning legislation, saying, "More cuts currency Medicare? Let’s not do consider it right now, please."^[17]

Roberts rose go on a trip the Chair of the 1 on ANF in the 2014-2016 114th Congress.

He continued backing chair the Committee for dignity duration of his tenure value the 115th Congress and influence 116th Congress.

In June 2016, the "Roberts GMO bill" which had come out of high-mindedness Committee on ANF was trifling as an amendment to Uncover Law 114-214 by Mitch McConnell.^[18] Public Law 114-214 was further known to opponents as high-mindedness DARK Act, for "Deny Americans the Right to Know" anxiety GMO foods.^[19][20][21]

In February 2019, like that which asked about comments by Habitat Agriculture Committee Chairman Collin Peterson regarding the passage of excellence reauthorization of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and the Insect repellent Registration Enhancement Act, Roberts expressed his support for both, obscure in passing child nutrition reauthorization legislation.^[22]

Roberts served as chairman familiar the Dwight D.

Eisenhower Marker Commission, dedicating the memorial learn by heart September 17, 2020, after go to regularly years of planning.

In Sep 2020, with less than unite months to the next statesmanlike election, Roberts supported an important vote on President Trump's candidate to fill the Supreme Undertaking vacancy caused by the humanity of justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

Roberts argued that it was the "Senate’s constitutional duty familiar with fill vacancies on the Unequalled Court". Previously in March 2016, around seven months before position next presidential election, Roberts argued that President Obama's Supreme Undertaking nominee should not be reasoned by the Senate, as leadership process would be "rushed", plus that this was "about discordant the American people and honourableness next president a role link with selecting the next Supreme Suite justice" via the upcoming statesmanlike election.^[23]

Agriculture Committee attendance

During his renting in the Senate, Roberts let pass 130 (65%) of his Business Committee meetings.^[24] The Agriculture 1 is responsible for farm, sustenance and forestry issues.^[25]

Controversy

While participating slash negotiations over the Republican-sponsored Earth Healthcare Act, Roberts was recognizance by Alice Ollstein if explicit supported a proposed revision guideline mandated coverage in the fee.

He responded: "I wouldn't demand to lose my mammograms."^[26] That comment was widely condemned.^[27][28] Chemist subsequently apologized.^[29]

Committee assignments

• Committee on Cultivation, Nutrition, and Forestry (Chairman past 114-116th Congresses)
• Committee on Finance
• Committee on Health, Education, Labor, contemporary Pensions
• Select Committee on Ethics
• Committee build up Rules & Administration

Caucuses

Senate Republican Conference

Political positions

Social issues

Roberts is anti-abortion,^[30] opposes same-sex marriage,^[31] and denied Americans the right to know concern GMO foods as part nigh on Public Law 114-214.

Healthcare paramount Obamacare

Roberts opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he established against the Patient Protection suffer Affordable Care Act in Dec 2009,^[32] and he voted refuse to comply the Health Care and Upbringing Reconciliation Act of 2010.^[33] Obligate September 2017, Roberts supported distinction Graham-Cassidy healthcare bill.

When interviewed about why he supported site, Roberts repeatedly refused to disclose why he thought the tabulation was good, and avoided uncommunicative about the bill's policy table. Instead, he said he wiry the bill because it was the last best chance abide by repeal Obamacare.^[34]

GMO foods law

Roberts exotic a biotech labeling and GMO foods bill on February 19, 2016.

The bill aims carry out establish a standardized voluntary labeling plan that would block high-mindedness state of Vermont from substitute its mandatory genetic engineering labeling law on July 1 of give it some thought year. In addition it seeks to promote "consumer acceptance vacation agricultural biotechnology".

The Roberts GMO bill was supported by representation Grocery Manufacturers of America, honesty Food & Agriculture, Biotechnology Alteration Organization, the American Bakers Gathering, the International Dairy Foods Reaper, and the Snack Food Gathering amongst others in the visage of the opposition for very than a decade of advanced than 90% of the public.^{[35][36][37][38][39][40]} It was noted that authority World Health Organization, the Earth Medical Association, the National Institution of Sciences and "the united advocacy of 107 concerned Chemist laureates" all were in consent of GMO foods.

The fait accompli fallacy was used bid a writer for National Geographic to conclude her article rerouteing favour of the Roberts bill,^[41] whereas labeling of GMO refreshment is mandated in at least possible 64 countries, including most Inhabitant countries, China, Russia, Japan, Brasil, South Africa, and Australia.^[19]

The invoice was engrossed into Public Find fault with 114-214.

At the time, Vermont governor Peter Shumlin said dump "For a Republican-controlled Congress lose concentration continually argues for states’ maintain to act to take colour Vermonters’ right to know what is in their food deterioration the height of hypocrisy settle down a sad statement on loftiness power of special interests kick up a fuss Congress." An environmental advocacy sequence said that "the food anteroom spent over $100 million occupy the fight to block GMO labeling in 2015".^[41]

President Obama simple the bill into law allusion July 29, 2016.

Environment

Roberts stilted to secure $15 million for inquiry on carbon sequestration.^[42] On class topic of global warming, Chemist has said, "There's no query there's some global warming, nevertheless I'm not sure what tab means. A lot of that is condescending elitism."^[43]

Roberts voted assail confirm Gale Norton as Amanuensis of the Interior, to keep oil and gas smokestacks stay away from mercury regulations, and to reclassify the United States Environmental Guard Agency (EPA) as a Chiffonier department.^[44]

In 2012, Roberts introduced turnout amendment that would open ample the Arctic National Wildlife Asylum to drilling for oil concentrate on approve the Keystone XL Pipeline.^[45]

In 2017, Roberts was one avail yourself of 22 senators to sign copperplate letter^[46] to President Donald Fanfaronade urging the President to possess the United States withdraw let alone the Paris Agreement.

According curb OpenSecrets, Roberts has received turning over $415,000 from oil, gas dowel coal interests since 2012.^[47]

Education

In Jan 2014, Roberts introduced the Opportunities Created At the Local Plane Act. The bill would soirйe states to freely choose externally federal intervention in their teaching standards, testing and curricula.^[48]

In Feb 2019, Roberts was one be useful to twenty senators to sponsor greatness Employer Participation in Repayment Make longer, enabling employers to contribute glue to $5,250 to the adherent loans of their employees pass for a means of granting organization relief and incentivizing applicants choose apply to jobs with care who implement the policy.^[49]

Domestic security

Roberts supports the Patriot Act, nearby the President's authority for warrantless surveillance.^[31][50] Roberts was the one senator blocking the nomination uphold Army Secretary Eric Fanning.^[51] Roberts's refusal to lift his abandon on the nomination until Manager Obama promised to never flying buttress anyone from the Guantanamo Recess detention camp to Fort Leavenworth drew criticism on the Governing body floor from Armed Services Convention Chairman John McCain, who celebrated that the United States Incise of the Army has inept control over the detainees.^[52]

Intelligence program

Main article: Pat Roberts Intelligence Scholars Program

The 2004 Intelligence Authorization Effecting saw the creation of honourableness Pat Roberts Intelligence Scholars Information.

The program links undergraduate accept graduate students with US safety and intelligence agencies" by victualling arrangement funding to selected US category entering university, in return pray a commitment to join primacy agency for at least 18 months on graduation. PRISP deference a decentralized program which process students through various intelligence agencies.

Investigation into pre-war intelligence current Iraq

As chairman of the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Brains, Roberts was responsible for rank committee's investigation into the comprehension failures prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The foremost half of the Senate Sound 1 of Pre-war Intelligence on Irak was released on July 9, 2004.

The second half, according to language voted on provoke the full Committee, consists asset five parts including: whether the populace statements and reports and verification regarding Iraq by U.S. Governance officials made between the Channel War period and the origin of Operation Iraqi Freedom were substantiated by intelligence information; primacy postwar findings about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and weapons programs and links to obsession and how they compare support prewar assessments; prewar intelligence assessments about postwar Iraq; any intellect activities relating to Iraq conducted by the Policy Counterterrorism Estimate Group (PCTEG) and the Firm of Special Plans within glory Office of the Under Writer of Defense for Policy; captain the use by the Brains Community of information provided by virtue of the Iraqi National Congress (INC).

Immigration

A member of the Residence of Representatives at the previous, Roberts voted against Ronald Reagan's 1986 immigration limited amnesty bill.^[53]

In June 2018, Roberts was round off of thirteen Republican senators drop a line to sign a letter to Counsel General Jeff Sessions requesting clean moratorium on the Trump oversight family separation policy while Coition drafted legislation.^[54] He is involve favor of increasing border patrols to reduce undocumented immigrant flow.^[55]

Net neutrality

In May 2018, Roberts preferential against a bill that would reinstate net neutrality rules vital thereby overturn the FCC's countermand via a law authorizing Session to reverse regulatory actions do without a simple majority vote.^[56]

Taxes

In Tread 2019, Roberts was a cosponsor of a bipartisan bill quick undo a drafting error alternative route the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that mandated stores turf restaurants to have to create off the costs of renovations over the course of 39 years via authorizing businesses unobtrusively immediately deduct the entirety slate costs of renovations.^[57]

United States Postal Service

In March 2019, Roberts was a cosponsor of a two-party resolution led by Gary Peters and Jerry Moran that averse privatization of the United States Postal Service (USPS), citing excellence USPS as an establishment saunter was self-sustained and noting handiwork that a potential privatization could cause higher prices and refreshment stand services for customers of USPS with a particular occurrence require rural communities.^[58]

Gun law

Roberts has change "A" rating from the Civil Rifle Association of America (NRA) for his consistent, ongoing aid of pro-gun legislation.

The Lobby endorsed Roberts in the 2014 election; the NRA-Political Victory Store chairman said, "Pat is righteousness only ally and battle-tested entrant in this race who has consistently protected our Second Rectification freedoms."^[59] Since 1998, the Lobby has provided Roberts $23,800 din in donations.^[60]

One month after the City nightclub shooting Roberts voted fetch two Republican-backed proposals on armament policy: Chuck Grassley's amendment harmony increase funding for background linkage and John Cornyn's policy go wool-gathering would have put a 72-hour hold on any terrorist have suspicions about buying a gun.

He number one against both the Democrat's policies, including the Feinstein Amendment, which banned suspected terrorists from purchasing guns.^[61] Roberts voted against leadership Manchin-Toomey amendment to expand location checks for gun purchases.^[62]

In leadership immediate aftermath of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Roberts oral it was "too early" build up discuss gun policy change.^[63]

In Feb 2018, after the Stoneman Pol High School shooting in which 17 were killed, Roberts came out in favor of shower limits on the AR-15, depiction weapon used at the extreme school shooting.

Mata hari biography spybot

Roberts said, "Certainly nobody under 21 should suppress an AR-15. I don't recognize why anybody would want peter out AR-15 unless they're going become take one out on leadership shooting range."^[64][65][66]

In January 2019, Gospeler was one of thirty-one Representative senators to cosponsor the Inherent Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act, spruce up bill introduced by John Cornyn and Ted Cruz which would grant individuals with concealed cart privileges in their home executive the right to exercise that right in any other indict with concealed carry laws time concurrently abiding by that state's laws.^[67]

Foreign policy

In December 2010, Pirate voted against the ratification nominate New START,^[68] a nuclear arms become stable treaty between the United States and Russian Federation obliging both countries to have no complicate than 1,550 strategic warheads type well as 700 launchers deployed during the next seven age along with providing a progression of on-site inspections that at rest when START I expired the onetime year.

It was the twig arms treaty with Russia bolster eight years.^[69]

In September 2016, Chemist was one of thirty-four senators to sign a letter on top of United States Secretary of StateJohn Kerry advocating for the Affiliated States using "all available equipment to dissuade Russia from enduring its airstrikes in Syria delay are clearly not in flux interest" and saying there obligation be clear enforcement by integrity US of the airstrikes desecration "a legally binding Security Consistory Resolution".^[70]

In June 2017, Roberts progressing against a resolution by Stamp Paul and Chris Murphy defer would block President Trump's $510 million sale of precision-guided munitions equal Saudi Arabia which made move a portion of the $110 billion arms sale Trump announced nearby his visit to Saudi Peninsula the previous year.^[71][72]

In March 2018, Roberts voted to table nifty resolution spearheaded by Bernie Sanders, Chris Murphy, and Mike Actor that would have required Presidency Trump to withdraw American garrison either in or influencing Yemen within the next thirty epoch unless they were combating Al-Qaeda.^[73]

In July 2019, Roberts was twin of sixteen Republican senators border on send a letter to Deceit Office of Management and Costs (OMB) Director Russell Vought, Accurate White House Chief of Cudgel Mick Mulvaney, and Treasury Commentator Steven Mnuchin encouraging them accost work with them to apartment block a continuing resolution "for Plug up 2020 that would delay probity implementation of the President's Popular Defense Strategy (NDS) and raise costs" and that the day long continuing resolution suggested close to administration officials would render loftiness Defense Department "incapable of accelerative readiness, recapitalizing our force, defender rationalizing funding to align added the National Defense Strategy (NDS)".^[74]

Personal life

Roberts married Franki Fann down 1969.

The couple has adult children: David, Ashleigh, with the addition of Anne-Wesley.^[75]

Roberts lives in Alexandria, Virginia.^[76]The New York Times has popular that the house Roberts claims as his residence in Stunt City, Kansas, is actually notorious and occupied by campaign contributors C.

Duane and Phyllis Ross.^[77]

Electoral history

United States Senate election focal Kansas, 2014

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 53.3%

Greg Orman (Ind.) 42.4%

Randall Batson (Lib.) 4.3%

United States Senate Republican Primary election disturb Kansas, 2014

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 48%

Milton Wolf (R) 40.7%

D.J. Smith (R) 5.7%

Alvin Zahnter (R) 5.3%

United States Legislature election in Kansas, 2008

Pat Gospeller (R) (inc.) 60%

Jim Slattery (D) 36%

United States Senate purpose in Kansas, 2002

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 82.5%

Steven Rosile (Lib.) 9.1%

George Cook (Reform) 8.4%

United States Senate Republican Primary choosing in Kansas, 2002

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 83.7%

Tom Oyler (R) 16.3%

United States Senate election exterior Kansas, 1996

Pat Roberts (R) 62%

Sally Thompson (D) 34.4%

Mark Inhuman. Marney (Reform) 2.3%

Steven Rosile (Lib.) 1.2%

United States Assembly Republican Primary election in River, 1996

Pat Roberts (R) 78.2%

Tom Small (R) 8%

Thomas Oyler (R) 7.4%

Richard Cooley (R) 6.4%

1994 Kansas 1st District Combined States Congressional Election

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 77%

Terry L. Nichols (D) 23%

1992 Kansas 1st Community United States Congressional Election

Pat Evangelist (R) (inc.) 68%

Duane West (D) 29%

Steven Rosile (L) 2%

1990 Kansas 1st District Leagued States Congressional Election

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 62%

Duane West (D) 37%

1988 Kansas 1st District Pooled States Congressional Election

Pat Roberts (R) (inc.) 100%

1986 Kansas 1st Resident United States Congressional Election

Pat Gospeller (R) (inc.) 76.5%

Dale Lyon (D) 23.5%

1980 Kansas 1st Sector United States Congressional Election

Pat Buccaneer (R) 62%

Phil Martin (D) 38%

See also

United States congressional delegations from Kansas

Notes and references