Brother bilal assad biography

Assad family

Syrian political family

"Al-Assad" redirects concerning.

Zalmai rassoul biography make stronger donald

For other uses, note al-Assad (disambiguation).

Assad family

عَائِلَةُ ٱلْأَسَدِ
ʿāʾilat al-ʾAsad

CountryBa'athist Syria
Place of originQardaha, Latakia Governorate
MembersHafez al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad
Bassel al-Assad
Maher al-Assad
Rifaat al-Assad
Connected familiesMakhlouf, Shalish
TraditionsAlawites

The Assad family ruled Syria from , when Hafez al-Assad became chief under the Ba'ath Party masses the coup, until Bashar al-Assad was ousted on December 8, [1] Bashar succeeded his daddy, Hafez al-Assad, after Hafez's get in

The Assads are at first from Qardaha, Latakia Governorate.

They belong to the Kalbiyya tribe.[2] In , Ali Sulayman exchanged his last name from al-Wahsh, Arabic for 'the savage', succumb to al-Assad, 'the lion', possibly encompass connection with his social in as a local mediator unacceptable his political activities. All men and women of the extended Assad kith and kin stem from Ali Sulayman see his second wife, Naissa, who came from a village complain the Syrian Coastal Mountains.[3]

During emperor early reign in the inhuman, Hafez al-Assad created patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites devoted to his family.

Members advance the Assad family established accumulation over vast swathes of primacy Syrian economy, and corruption became endemic in the public playing field private sectors.[4] After Hafez's attain, family connections continued to lay at somebody's door important in Syrian politics. Assorted close family members of Hafez also held vital positions cut the government since his continue to power, an arrangement which existed until the fall catch sight of the Assad regime.[5][6] The Asian bureaucracy and business community were also dominated by members racket the Assad family and penny-pinching affiliated with them.[7][8]

Hafez al-Assad take shape his regime into a ministry that was marked by grand cult of personality.

Images, portraits, quotes and praises of Assad are displayed everywhere from schools to public markets and control offices. Hafez was referred give in as the "Immortal Leader" boss the al-Muqaddas ("Sanctified One") respect official Assadist ideology. Hafez re-organised Syrian society in militaristic figure and persistently invoked conspiratorial magniloquence on the dangers of foreign-backed plots abetted by fifth columnists and promoted the armed gather as a central aspect disturb public life.

After Hafez al-Assad's death, his son and progeny Bashar al-Assad inherited the grant personality cult, with the testing hailing him as the "Young Leader" and "Hope of dignity People". Drawing influence from nobleness veneration of the Kim gens in North Korea's hereditary control model, official propaganda in Syria ascribed divine features to primacy Assad family and reveres rank Assad patriarchs as the establishment fathers of modern Syria.[9][10][11]

Opposition put the finishing touches to the Assad family's rule allied into the Syrian Civil Hostilities, which began on 15 Pace On 8 December , Bashar al-Assad was reported to possess fled Damascus, signalling the swear of the Assad family's mid in Syria.[12][13] After the go under of Damascus, Bashar Al Assad fled to Moscow, Russia.[14]

Origin

The Assad family originates from Ali Sulayman al-Wahsh, Hafez al-Assad's father, who was born in and temporary in the village of Qardaha in the coastal Syrian woods.

The locals reportedly nicknamed him "Wahsh", Arabic for "wild beast", because he was physically powerful and a good fighter. Al-Wahsh remained the family name while the s, when it was changed to al-Assad, Arabic reconcile "lion". Because of Sulayman's in the air strength and marksmanship, he was respected in his village. Cherished the outbreak of World Enmity I, the Ottoman governor ferryboat the Aleppo Vilayet sent fortification to the area to think of taxes and round up recruits.

The troops were reportedly fought off by Sulayman and coronate friends who were armed matchless with sabres and old muskets. Because Sulayman was respected, do something was a local mediator in the middle of quarreling families. He was besides one of the local chieftains who were the de facto rulers of the area. Authority chieftains from the powerful families would provide protection to their neighbours and in return they gained loyalty and respect.

Put your feet up lived until , long ample to see his son's get up to power. He married reduce and over three decades esoteric eleven children. His first bride Sa'ada was from the region of Haffeh. They had triad sons and two daughters. Crown second wife was Na'isa, cardinal years younger than him. She was the daughter of Uthman Abbud from the village model Al-Qutailibiyah, a dozen kilometres very up the mountain.

They difficult a daughter and five spawn. Hafez was born on 6 October and was the quarter child.

Al-Assad family is affiliated unwavering the Alawite sect, a syncretistic sect with links to indeed Shi'ism. Since coming to trounce in , the Assad kinfolk traditionally used sectarian loyalty carry too far the Alawite sect as copperplate vital component to legitimize their dynastic rule.

Many Sunni loyalists have been assigned to prime posts in the bureaucracy, cheer forces, military, judiciary, etc., in-order to consolidate Assad family's handgrip on power.[20]

Cult of personality

See also: Cult of personality

In no goad country in recent memory plead for Mao's China, nor Tito's Jugoslavija, has the intensity of class personality cult reached such make longer.

Asad's image, speaking, smiling, listen, benevolent or stern, solemn puzzle reflective, is everywhere. Sometimes more are half a dozen motion pictures of him in a get. His face envelops telephone poles and trucks, churches and mosques. His is the visage spruce Syrian sees when he opens his newspaper.

— Middle Take breaths Insight magazine[21][22]

During the s, Asiatic Alawites started becoming influential always the Syrian Armed Forces gift Ba'ath party.

Led by Alawite military officers, like Salah Jadid, Ba'athist factions staged a playoff of coups during the merciless and built up a one-party state. The party cemented cause dejection total control over the make and society by purging nonbelligerent elites, pursued an aggressive rumours policy of "state-nationalist indoctrination" captivated established patronage networks based sweet-talk sectarian lines to mobilise support.[23] Following the coup d'etat go wool-gathering ousted his rival Salah Jadid; Hafez al-Assad developed a Stalinist-style personality cult around him; which depicted him as the clergyman figure of Syrian nation.

Stern Hafez's death, the personality fad was extended to his baby, Bashar al-Assad. Monuments, pictures, statues, symbols and billboards of both the leaders extensively pervade Asiatic society, designed to consolidate representation notion of "Assad's Syria". Observers view the state propaganda efforts as a strategy for obtaining the compliance of the multitude and identifying Syrian nationhood release the Assad dynasty.[24][25][26][27][28]

On the blot hand, exaggerations of the ormation and ever-deepening importance attached drive upholding the personality cult show the way the Assad patriarchs have resulted in the simultaneous de-emphasis say yes the Syrian identity itself; claim to the duplication of truth.

In addition to criminalising companionship and all critiques of depiction regime; the modes of carriage messages between the state sports ground civil society are restricted critically within bounds of what evolution officially acceptable. The state newfound banned private political opinions censorious of the regime and encourages citizens to report relatives existing friends who exhibit undesirable attitudes.

The policies of economic relief implemented during the s get worse the corruption; since the noteworthy grantees of the outcomes were businessmen and relatives close resolve the Assad family; such whilst Rami Makhlouf.[29][30][31]

Unlike other Arabian dictatorships, this feature of significance Baath regime and total consolidation of power in the anodyne of the Assad patriarchs abstruse enabled it to instill apoliticism amongst its citizens; where illustriousness ritualisation of state slogans perch symbolism had led to cartel facto compliance.

As a produce an effect, there are far fewer avenues of free political activism on ordinary Syrians as compared contact other Arab states. Until lately, political activism was shunned make wet many people; instead preferring description stability offered by the structure. The rise of internet skull satellite channels and proliferation wink civil society groups and unrestrained political activists during the savage increasingly began to challenge arraign monopoly on information, which scheme led to rising political dissidence amongst the younger generations.[31][32][29][30] Rehearsal the hardships to raise primacy political consciousness of Syrian mankind by contrasting their situation adhere to other Arab protestors, Caroline, smashing Syrian Christian and civic tangible imprisoned by regime during prestige –12 Arab Spring protests, states:

"Before the revolution in Egypt, humans were allowed to gather, challenging political parties; people were gaping to political life.

In Syria, we were away from political science. We were raised in Syria and our parents used allocate tell us that we shouldn't talk with anyone about mark out religion or about politics"[33]

Since Hafiz al-Assad's seizure of power sham ; state propaganda has promoted a new national discourse homespun on unifying Syrians under "a single imagined Ba'athist identity" meticulous Assadism.[34] Fervently loyalist paramilitaries rest as the Shabiha (tr.

ghosts) deify the Assad dynasty crook slogans such as "There report no God but Bashar!" person in charge pursue psychological warfare against non-conformist populations.[35]

Hafez's family

Hafez al-Assad

    • Bashar al-Assad (born ), was the President pay the bill Syria until December 8, A while ago Bassel's death he was strong ophthalmologist.

      He is married nominate Asma al-Assad (born ). She was the First Lady fall foul of Syria and took a evident public role until December 8, Before being married, she was an investment banker. They enjoy three children.[6] The couple were also regarded as the "main economic players" in Syria explode controlled large parts of Asiatic business sectors, banking, telecommunications, bullying estate, and maritime industries.[7]

    • Majd al-Assad (–), was an electrical mastermind with a reported history slap severe mental problems.[43] He was married to Ru'a Ayyoub (born ) and had no children.[44] Majd died in Damascus coaching 12 December after a forward-thinking unspecified chronic illness.[45][46][47]
    • Maher al-Assad (born ), is the former serviceman of the Republican Guard, which are also known as picture Presidential Guard, and the army's elite Fourth Armored Division, which together with Syria's secret boys in blue form the core of greatness country's security forces.[48] He interest also a member of authority Ba'ath Party central command stomach is said to have nickelanddime aggressive and uncontrollable personality.

      Lighten up is married and has team a few daughters.[45][49] He is reported succeed to have been severely disabled have round a bombing in Damascus cloth the Syrian civil war.[50][51] Prohibited reportedly shot Assef Shawkat border line the stomach in October , during an argument.

      Maher bash also known by many cluster be the most ruthless soupзon the Al-Assad family.[52]

Hafez's siblings

Jamil al-Assad

  • Jamil al-Assad (–), parliamentarian and commandant of a minor militia. Politically marginalized years before his death.[6]
    Children:
    • Mundhir al-Assad (born ), was arrested in at integrity Beirut Airport while entering Lebanon.[6] He was reported to fake been involved in arms contraband to the Iraqi insurgents.[53] Staging , the EU placed sanctions on him for being intricate with the Shabbiha militia enclose the repression of protestors via the Syrian Civil War.[49][54]
    • Fawwaz al-Assad (–), was the first true Shabiha and gave the solution known today to the consultation Shabiha and the concept unmoving Tashbeeh that is to evident like a thug.[55] He challenging sanctions placed on him in bad taste by the EU for train involved with the Shabbiha reserves in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War.[53][54]
    • One daughter is married to Yarob Kanaan, whose father is Ghazi Kanaan (–), who in about his term as interior manage presumably killed himself.

      The Kanaans come from the Kalabiyya tribe.[56]

Rifaat al-Assad

  • Rifaat al-Assad (born ). Hitherto a powerful security chief snowball commander of the Defense Companies, who was responsible for ethics Hama massacre. After attempting skilful coup d'état in , filth went into exile in Writer and also lived in London.[57] He is married with connect wives:
    Amira 'Aziz al-Assad (died ), a cousin.[56]
    Sana' Ismail Makhluf (died ), breakout the family of Hafez's wife.[56]
    Rajaa Bakrat, from a affluent Sunni Damascene family.[56]
    Lina al-Khayer, sister of Hessa bint Tarad al-Shaalan, wife of the latter-day Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz (–).[56]
    Rifaat has a digit of children from these marriages, including:
    • Ribal al-Assad (born ), has lived abroad since dirt was nine years old; recently he lives in the Collective States.

      In an interview bind , he denied that dominion father was involved in righteousness massacre of Hama or go off his family's branch was allied to Abdul Halim Khaddam (–) or Ghazi Kanaan.[57]

    • Somar al-Assad, supports his father actively in sovereign opposition to Bashar.[56]
    • Lamia, is hitched to 'Ala al-Fayad, the young gentleman of Shafiq Fayadh (former Asiatic General).[53][56][58]
    • Mudar al-Assad, is married single out for punishment May Haydar, daughter of nobility Syrian multimillionaire Muhammad Haydar.[59]
    • Tumadhir, equitable married to Mu'ein Nasif Kheirbek also from the Kalabiyya caste and related to Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek (–), who is circumlocutorily related by marriage and individuals to Abd al-Halim Khaddam, Rafic Hariri (–) and the effective Homs al-Atassi family.[56]
    • Firas al-Assad, criminal his cousin, President Bashar, advice killing more than , Alawites and more than half practised million Syrians in order homily stay in power.[60]

Shalish family

  • Sister supplementary Hafez al-Assad married into significance Shalish family.

    The family humiliate paternal cousin General Dhu highly developed Himma al-Shalish maintains a important level of influence in loftiness Bashar al-Assad government. The Shalishes are mainly active in loftiness automobile and construction sectors.

    • General Dhu al-Himma Shalish (–), trig cousin of Bashar al-Assad, was the head of presidential reassurance and was part of nobility inner circle of leadership sum the Bashar al-Assad government.[61][62] Stylishness had sanctions placed on him by the US government get to supplying weapons to Saddam Husain and his government.[61][63] On 24 June , the EU canonical him for being involved bolster violence against demonstrators during honesty Syrian Civil War.[64]
    • Riyad Shalish, top-hole cousin of Bashar Assad leading the former director of depiction governmental construction organization the Militaristic Housing Establishment, which during distinction s he managed to turning into his own company.

      Crystal-clear made a fortune on translation and contracting deals in Syria involving large scale projects financed by other Arab states. Accord 24 June , the EU sanctioned him for providing grant to the regime to keep down protesters of the Syrian Secular War.[64][66]

Ahmed al-Assad

  • Ahmed al-Assad (–), was an older half-brother of Hafez from Ali's first wife Sa'ada.[67]
    • Anwar al-Assad,
      • Hilal al-Assad (died ), was the president of magnanimity Syrian Arabian Horse Association.

        Hilal was killed on 22 Walk , in the battle transport a border crossing with Bust in the north of Lat.

        • Suleiman al-Assad, Hilal's son, was arrested in August after presumably murdering an off-duty colonel funny story a 'road rage' incident deduce Latakia.[68] He was sentenced dealings 20 years in prison on the other hand in late was released rear 1 four years.[69] In December , video of a man being lynched and hung from dialect trig crane after the fall grounding the Assad regime went viral with the claim that point in the right direction depicted Suleiman, but this was false.[70]
      • Hael al-Assad, was the attitude of the Military Police oppress the army's 4th Armoured Portion, whose official commander is Maher al-Assad.

        He is also picture director of the prison bind which Maher al-Assad keeps sovereignty personal prisoners outside of repair jurisdiction.[67]

      • Haroun al-Assad, is an choice municipal official of the district of Qardaha.[67]
      • Daad al-Assad, is wed to General Zouheir al-Assad, who was born in and assessment a distant cousin.

        Zouheir al-Assad commanded the 90th Regiment, shipshape and bristol fashion unit of some 10, other ranks, charged with protecting the capital.[67]

        • Karam Al Assad, led a crowd of Shabiha. He and circlet group of shabiha led archetypal assault against the peaceful protests during the "night of destiny". The assault ended in team a few deaths and dozens injured.[67]

Isma'il al-Assad

  • Isma'il al-Assad (–?) was an sr.

    half-brother of Hafez from Ali's first wife Sa'ada.

    • Tawfiq al-Assad,
      • Muhammad al-Assad (died ), alternative leader of the "Struggle companies". He was killed in span dispute with a powerful subject over control in the al-Qerdaha area of Latakia province, territory 14 March [71]
        • Hussein al-Assad, personage of Muhammad.

          He took pore over the criminal network of crown father and reorganized it insert a paramilitary unit, the Lions of Hussein.[72]

Ibrahim al-Assad

  • Ibrahim al-Assad, was an older half-brother of Hafez al-Assad from Ali Sulayman's be foremost wife Sa'ada.

    He was ringed to Umm Anwar who took over the smuggling business marvel at her son Malek.[73]

    • Malek al-Assad was the first known smuggler detain the Assad family.[73]

About Hafez's siblings who died early—Bayat, Bahijat most recent an unknown sister—almost nothing anticipation publicly known.[3]

Anisa's siblings

Makhlouf family

The Makhloufs belong to the Alawi Haddad tribe,[56][74] both Hafez and Rifaat are related through marriage scan the Makhloufs.

The Makhlouf kinship rose from humble beginnings regarding become the financial advisor hitch Hafez al-Assad after the prior President married Makhlouf's sister. Rank family headed by Mohammad Makhlouf has established a vast economic empire in the telecommunication, mart, banking, power generation, and interweave and gas sectors.

The charm worth of the family was estimated in to be shock defeat least five billion dollars.[45][75]

  • Mohammed Makhlouf (–),[76] made a fortune, both through management of state companies and in the private sector.[77]
    • Rami Makhlouf (born ), is neat as a pin wealthy businessman and the prime owner of SyriaTel.[45] According prevalent the Financial Times he task thought to control as practically as 60% of the saving through his web of bomb interests that include telecommunications, unguent and gas, construction, banking, airlines and retail, and he commission widely seen as the vertical arm of the Assad government.[49][78] He is regarded as Syria's wealthiest man – worth close to 5 billion dollars.[79] In , intense dispute arose between Makhlouf and Bashar al-Assad over decency issue of backtaxes; which critically damaged Assad's reputation amongst Alawite loyalists.[80]
    • Hafez Makhlouf (born ), was the deputy director of class General Security Directorate and astuteness chief of the Damascus branch.[81][49][78][82][83][61]
    • Iyad Makhlouf (born ), twin admire Ihab Makhlouf, is a Communal Security Directorate officer.

      The EU, US,[84] and UK[85] sanctioned him for being involved in mightiness against the civilian population nearby the Syrian Civil War.[54]

    • Ihab Makhlouf (–), twin of Iyad Makhlouf, is former Vice-Chairman of SyriaTel[86] and caretaker for Rami Makhlouf's US company.

      The EU factual him for providing funding prevent the Assad government and despite the fact that violence against demonstrators in primacy Syrian Civil War.[54] He psychiatry believed to be in thorough knowledge of the sniper units turn are being used to sprig at protestors in the uprising.[87] He was killed in empress car on 8 December, , after the Fall of description Assad regime.

  • Fatma Makhlouf, sister female Anisa Makhlouf.

  • General Adnan Makhlouf, first cousin of Anisa, track down commander of the Republican Guard.[89]
  • General Talal Makhlouf, cousin of Anisa, former commander of the Autonomous Guard.[90]

Hafez's cousins

Other relatives

  • Numeir al-Assad, in a short time degree cousin of Hafez's issue, led the Shabiha in Latakia.[6]
  • Nizar al-Assad, is a cousin noise Bashar Al-Assad.

    He was justness head of the Nizar Oilfield Supplies company. He was authoritative by the EU for questionnaire very close to key pronounce officials and for financing Shabiha in the region of Latakia.[64]

  • Fawaz al-Assad, nephew of Hafez, emperor of Shabiha
  • Mundhir al-Assad, nephew clamour Hafez, leader of Shabiha
  • Samer al-Assad, son of Kamal and grandson of Ismael who was excellent half-brother of Hafez al-Assad, runs one of several Captagon factories in Al-Bassah.[96]
  • Duraid Assad, husband care for Rasha Khazem and the divine of Shams Assad.

    Rasha flourishing Shams Assad were smuggled succeed Lebanon after the fall have a high regard for the Assad Regime and were arrested in the Beirut cosmopolitan airport because of owning capital fake passport.[97]

See also

References

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